Fig. 1.

Possible lofng-term impact on offspring health exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection may directly and indirectly via placental pathology, induce preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and possible early pregnancy loss. Placenta, with and without the presence of SARS-CoV-2, may develop vascular placental mal-perfusion and functional impairment, consequently developing obstetrical complications. Fetal SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the evidence of fetal immune activation or pro-inflammatory cytokine production by fetal immune effectors has not been reported. If any, fetal functional immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 may induce pregnancy complications as well (dotted lines). Considering maternal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, and obstetrical complications associated with COVID-19, possible long-term impacts on offspring health are presented.