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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 19.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2019 Dec 2;12(2):e1598. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1598

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Summary of gene delivery approaches (viral, physical, and chemical): (a) chemical systems involve cationic lipids or polymers which complex negatively charged nucleic acids; (b) biological systems utilize deactivated viral vectors; and (c) physical methods, such as electroporation and sonoporation, create temporary pores in the cell membrane using electronic pulses or ultrasound