Table 5.

Summary of Limitations in Complex Tissues and Organs

Tissue	Major Limitations in Bioprinted Stem Cell Constructs	References
Adipose	Difficulties maintaining viability in relation to thickness of construct, issues with vascularization	259
Bone	Replication of native bone structure	331
Cartilage	Difficulties regenerating hyaline cartilage, issues in translatability to clinical setting	332
Cardiovascular & Cardiomyogenic	Replicating heart structure, issues with vascularization
Hepatic	Constructs that can withstand metabolic activity of liver microenvironment	259
Skeletal Muscle	Issues with vascularization in relation to thickness of construct, development of sufficient innervation and response to electrical stimulation	259
Neural	Need for bioinks that support neural cell proliferation and differentiation, difficulty fabricating complex neural networks	259
Dermal	Development and optimization of functional components of skin, such as sweat glands and hair follicles	259