TABLE 4.

For four example outcome domains, the independent variables are rated to show their suggested effect on the ecological validity of measures obtained in that domain

Independent variables	Example outcome domains
	Speech recognition	Listening effort	Interactivity	Affective response
Sources of stimuli
Stimulus sources	X	X	X	X
Stimulus materials	X	X	X	X
Multimodal stimuli	?	?	X	X
Other people	?	X	X	X
Environment
Acoustic field	X	X	?	?
Interaction of env. and hearing devices	X	X	o	?
Dynamic aspects	X	X	X	?
Modalities	X	X	X	X
Context of participation
Participant preparation	X	X	X	X
Semantic associations	X	X	X	X
Motivation	?	X	X	X
Familiarity	?	X	X	X
Psychological/physiological state	?	X	X	X
Task
Nature of task	N/A	?	?	?
Nature of task if speech	X	X	X	X
Complexity	X	X	?	?
Degree of constraint	?	X	X	X
Exploratory movement	X	X	X	o
Interaction	?	X	X	X
Predictability	X	X	X	X
Distractors	X	X	?	X
Individual
Personality	o	X	X	?
Hearing health	X	X	X	X
Sensory, cognitive, motor abilities	X	X	X	?
Mental health	?	X	X	X
Competency in task language	X	X	X	o
Cultural background	X	X	?	?
Occupation/skillsets/training	?	X	?	X
Disease burden	?	X	?	X

X = very likely, ? = might, o = probably not.