Table 3.

Growth parameter estimates of built environment from latent trajectory models (N = 215).

			RAND 36-Item Short Form Health Survey

	Emotional well-being	Role limitations due to emotional problems	Energy/fatigue	General health	Pain	Physical functioning	Role limitations due to physical health	Social functioning

Intercept (β₀)^†	71.36^*	59.49^*	53.37^*	62.80^*	58.40^*	70.21^*	26.46^*	71.41^*
Mixed use	−1.53	−2.18	−2.19	−2.35	−0.67	−2.72	1.60	−3.96
Abandoned buildings/vacant lots	−5.93	−25.40^*	−4.88	−5.06	−0.47	1.66	−5.22	−4.50
Mixed housing	1.46	−1.99	2.57	−0.50	1.01	0.32	−5.16	−0.78
Graffiti/litter/broken windows or glass	6.85	15.24^*	3.39	5.70	−0.23	−0.73	5.59	4.68
Sidewalk quality	5.00^*	6.81^*	3.27	1.41	2.99	0.24	1.58	5.34^*
Moved at least once	−10.64^*	−8.23	−11.93^*	−10.04^*	−6.39	−11.16^*	−12.40^*	−9.86^*
Slope (β₁)^‡	3.17^*	6.05^*	1.64^*	−0.09	2.92^*	−0.16	7.60^*	3.73^*
Mixed use	−1.08	−1.80	−0.78	−0.43	−0.61	−0.25	−0.90	−1.81
Abandoned buildings/vacant lots	−0.99	1.81	−1.33	0.26	−1.89	−1.46	0.82	−2.33
Mixed housing	0.10	2.94	−0.24	0.099	−0.44	0.76	1.91	0.56
Graffiti/litter/broken windows or glass	−0.03	−3.41	1.07	0.28	−0.45	0.77	−2.61	1.14
Sidewalk quality	−0.82^*	−1.57	−0.28	−0.36	−1.05^*	−0.73	−0.63	−0.46
Moved at least once	0.30	−2.27	0.86	0.58	−0.06	0.22	−3.10	0.58

Note: All regression coefficients of built-environment factors were adjusted for other built-environment factors simultaneously.

Z test: p < 0.05.

^†

Reflects the average score of each RAND SF-36 subscale at the baseline.

^‡

Reflects the trajectory of each RAND SF-36 subscale over 2-year follow-up.