Table 2.
Characteristics of clusters that more likely to progress to dementia versus clusters that less likely to progress to dementia among aged 85–89
| Less likely to progress to dementia | More likely to progress to dementia | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1157** | 708** | P* |
|
SELF-REPORTS OF DIAGNOSES BY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS EVER OR DURING PRECEDING YEAR | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 86 ( 7.4) | 76 (10.7) | 0.018 |
| Irregular heartbeat, n (%) | 301 (26.0) | 217 (30.6) | 0.034 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 32 ( 2.8) | 27 ( 3.8) | 0.263 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 745 (64.4) | 545 (77.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 222 (19.2) | 154 (21.8) | 0.201 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 194 (16.8) | 192 (27.1) | <0.001 |
| Arthritis, n (%) | 770 (66.6) | 589 (83.2) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 20 ( 1.7) | 19 ( 2.7) | 0.218 |
|
ASSESSMENTS DURING STUDY VISITS | |||
| Depression (mCESD >3), n (%) | 49 ( 4.2) | 68 ( 9.6) | <0.001 |
| # of prescription medication >3, n (%) | 651 (56.3) | 498 (70.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mean (SD)) | 131.50 (15.51) | 134.31 (16.67) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mean (SD)) | 71.10 (8.28) | 72.05 (9.06) | 0.02 |
| Waist:Hip ratio (mean (SD)) | 0.90 (0.09) | 0.89 (0.09) | 0.007 |
| Hearing impairment (%) | 0.012 | ||
| None | 734 (63.4) | 401 (56.6) | |
| Right ear didn’t hear | 85 ( 7.3) | 60 ( 8.5) | |
| Left ear didn’t hear | 126 (10.9) | 77 (10.9) | |
| Bilateral didn’t hear | 212 (18.3) | 170 (24.0) | |
|
SELF-RATINGS BY PARTICIPANTS DURING STUDY VISITS | |||
| Self-rated health, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Poor | 14 ( 1.2) | 21 ( 3.0) | |
| Fair | 121 (10.5) | 149 (21.0) | |
| Good | 569 (49.2) | 406 (57.3) | |
| Very good | 327 (28.3) | 108 (15.3) | |
| Excellent | 126 (10.9) | 24 ( 3.4) | |
| Subjective memory complaints >0, n (%) | 729 (63.0) | 545 (77.0) | <0.001 |
|
Hearing loss | |||
| Using hearing aid, n (%) | 380 (32.8) | 195 (27.5) | 0.019 |
| Hear Conversation, n (%) | 0.479 | ||
| No | 11 ( 1.0) | 4 ( 0.6) | |
| Yes, without hearing aid | 1003 (86.7) | 625 (88.3) | |
| Yes ONLY with hearing aid | 143 (12.4) | 79 (11.2) | |
|
Sleep complaints | |||
| Difficulty falling asleep, n (%) | 392 (33.9) | 197 (27.8) | 0.007 |
| Difficulty back asleep, n (%) | 423 (36.6) | 372 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Wake up too early, n (%) | 319 (27.6) | 156 (22.0) | 0.009 |
| Daytime sleepiness, n (%) | 471 (40.7) | 492 (69.5) | <0.001 |
| Snoring, n (%) | 336 (29.0) | 171 (24.2) | 0.025 |
|
Lifestyle | |||
| Current drinking, n (%) | 765 (66.1) | 165 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 38 ( 3.3) | 10 ( 1.4) | 0.02 |
| Exercise, n (%) | 822 (71.0) | 247 (34.9) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 906 (78.3) | 220 (31.1) | <0.001 |
| Using computer, n (%) | 425 (36.7) | 87 (12.3) | <0.001 |
|
Social connectedness/isolation | |||
| Married, n (%) | 539 (46.6) | 129 (18.2) | <0.001 |
| Confidantes, n (%) | 1148 (99.2) | 698 (98.6) | 0.277 |
| Receive Sufficient help, n (%) | 1101 (95.2) | 624 (88.1) | <0.001 |
Acronyms: mCESD – modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
*
P-values for continuous variables were derived from ANOVA; p-values for categorical variables were derived from chi-square test.
**
From Figure 1, cluster 2 has the highest transition probability to incident dementia, thus we compare cluster 2 to clusters 1,3, and 4 combined.