Table 3.
Characteristics of clusters that more likely to progress to dementia versus clusters that less likely to progress to dementia among aged 90+
| Less likely to progress to dementia | More likely to progress to dementia | ||
| N | 441** | 444** | P* |
|
SELF-REPORTS OF DIAGNOSES BY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS EVER OR DURING PRECEDING YEAR | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 43 ( 9.8) | 51 ( 11.5) | 0.466 |
| Irregular heartbeat, n (%) | 105 (23.8) | 152 ( 34.2) | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 10 ( 2.3) | 11 ( 2.5) | 0.999 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 300 (68.0) | 370 ( 83.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 100 (22.7) | 114 ( 25.7) | 0.335 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 75 (17.0) | 91 ( 20.5) | 0.214 |
| Arthritis, n (%) | 299 (67.8) | 380 ( 85.6) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 4 ( 0.9) | 4 ( 0.9) | 0.999 |
|
ASSESSMENTS DURING STUDY VISITS | |||
| Depression (mCESD >3), n (%) | 238 (54.0) | 290 ( 65.3) | 0.001 |
| # of prescription medication >3, n (%) | 296 (67.1) | 353 ( 79.5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mean (SD)) | 130.61 (16.63) | 134.41 (16.94) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mean (SD)) | 69.10 (8.30) | 70.30 (8.64) | 0.036 |
| Waist:Hip ratio (mean (SD)) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.038 |
| Hearing impairment (%) | <0.001 | ||
| None | 236 (53.5) | 190 ( 42.8) | |
| Right ear didn’t hear | 41 ( 9.3) | 49 ( 11.0) | |
| Left ear didn’t hear | 66 (15.0) | 50 ( 11.3) | |
| Bilateral didn’t hear | 98 (22.2) | 155 ( 34.9) | |
|
SELF-RATINGS BY PARTICIPANTS DURING STUDY VISITS | |||
| Self-rated health, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Poor | 4 ( 0.9) | 11 ( 2.5) | |
| Fair | 44 (10.0) | 86 ( 19.4) | |
| Good | 203 (46.0) | 252 ( 56.8) | |
| Very good | 134 (30.4) | 72 ( 16.2) | |
| Excellent | 56 (12.7) | 23 ( 5.2) | |
| Subjective memory complaints >0, n (%) | 296 (67.1) | 353 ( 79.5) | <0.001 |
|
Hearing loss | |||
| Using hearing aid, n (%) | 203 (46.0) | 145 ( 32.7) | <0.001 |
| Hear Conversation, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| No | 10 ( 2.3) | 25 ( 5.6) | |
| Yes, without hearing aid | 329 (74.6) | 352 ( 79.3) | |
| Yes ONLY with hearing aid | 102 (23.1) | 67 ( 15.1) | |
|
Sleep complaints | |||
| Difficulty falling asleep, n (%) | 194 (44.0) | 145 ( 32.7) | 0.001 |
| Difficulty back asleep, n (%) | 173 (39.2) | 231 ( 52.0) | <0.001 |
| Wake up too early, n (%) | 133 (30.2) | 120 ( 27.0) | 0.339 |
| Daytime sleepiness, n (%) | 197 (44.7) | 297 ( 66.9) | <0.001 |
| Snoring, n (%) | 117 (26.5) | 85 ( 19.1) | 0.011 |
|
Lifestyle | |||
| Current drinking, n (%) | 252 (57.1) | 84 ( 18.9) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 8 ( 1.8) | 12 ( 2.7) | 0.507 |
| Exercise, n (%) | 284 (64.4) | 142 ( 32.0) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 324 (73.5) | 146 ( 32.9) | <0.001 |
| Using computer, n (%) | 133 (30.2) | 38 ( 8.6) | <0.001 |
|
Social connectedness/isolation | |||
| Married, n (%) | 150 (34.0) | 52 ( 11.7) | <0.001 |
| Confidantes, n (%) | 427 (96.8) | 444 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Receive Sufficient help, n (%) | 402 (91.2) | 409 ( 92.1) | 0.693 |
Acronyms: mCESD – modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
*
P-values for continuous variables were derived from ANOVA; p-values for categorical variables were derived from chi-square test.
**
From Figure 2, cluster 2 has the highest transition probability to incident dementia, thus we compare cluster 2 to clusters 1,3, and 4 combined.