Table 2.
The cognitive, behavioral, and motor function impairment of 18 children.
| No. | SZ types (18) | AEDs before steroid | Effect | Steroid | Effect | AEDs before steroid | Effect | Prognosis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1F | GTCs/AA/AS | VPA/LEV/NZP/TPM | No effect | Resistant | No effect | Clobazam/KD | Seizure reduced | Behavior/cognition/motor have been improved but not returned to normal | Seizure reduction, EEG not normalized |
| 2M | GTCs/absences/AS | VPA/LTG/CZP | No effect | Dependent | Seizure control/SWI decreased; seizure reduction/SWI decreased | NZP/VPA/LEV | Seizure reduced | Learning difficulties, bad memory, but language back to normal | Seizure control, EEG not normalized |
| 3M | GTCs/AS | VPA/OXC/LEV/NZP | No effect | Resistant | No effect | KD | Seizure controlled | All back to normal | Seizure control; EEG normalized |
| 4M | GTCs | LEV | Seizure reduced | dependent | Seizure reduced, SWI decreased (2 times) | LEV | Seizure controlled | All back to normal | Seizure controlled, EEG normalized |
| 5F | FBTCS/GTS/eyes blink attack/FS | VPA/NZP/LEV | Seizure reduced | – | – | – | – | Learning difficulties, drooping of the upper limbs, slow reactiveness | Seizure not controlled, EEG not normalized |
| 6F | GTCs/absences | VPA/LEV/CZP | Seizure reduced | Sensitive | Seizure controlled, SWI decreased | VPA/LEV | Seizure controlled | Learning difficulties, slow reactiveness, bad memory | Seizure controlled, EEG not normalized |
| 7F | GTCs/SE/AA/AS | LEV/VPA/NZP | Seizure reduced | Sensitive | Seizure controlled, SWI decreased | OXC | Seizure controlled | All back to normal | Seizure controlled, was not re-examined timely |
| 8F | FSIA/FMS | VPA/CZP/LEV | Seizure reduced | – | – | – | – | All back to normal | Seizure not controlled, EEG not normalized |
| 9M | FBTCS | LEV/OXC | Seizure controlled | – | – | – | – | Poor verbal expression, incoherent, and slurred speech | Seizure controlled, was not reexamined timely |
| 10M | None | LEV | – | Sensitive | SWI decreased | – | – | All back to normal | EEG normalized |
| 11M | FBTCS | VPA | Seizure controlled | – | – | – | Cognition improved, but tongue dyspraxia and salivation remained | Seizure controlled, EEG not normalized | |
| 12F | GTCs/SE/FSIA | LEV/OXC/CZP | Seizure reduced | Resistant | SWI decreased | VPA/NZP/DZP | Seizure reduced | NG | Seizure not controlled, EEG not normalized |
| 13M | GTS/PMS/absences/AS | VPA/NZP/CZP | Seizure reduced | – | – | KD | Seizure reduced | Cognition and language improved, but not back to normal, poor verbal expression, and slurred speech | Seizure not controlled, EEG not normalized |
| 14F | FSIA | VPA | No effect | Sensitive | Seizure controlled, SWI decreased | LEV | Seizure controlled | All back to normal | Seizure controlled, EEG normalized |
| 15F | GTS/FS/SE/PMS/NMS/AS | VPA/NZP/LEV | No effect | Dependent | Seizure reduced, SWI decreased (3 times) | VPA/LEV/NZP | Seizure reduced | Cognition and language improved, but not back to normal | Seizure controlled, EEG normalized |
| 16M | GTCS | VPA | Seizure controlled | – | – | – | – | NG | Seizure controlled, EEG normalized |
| 17M | None | – | – | – | – | – | – | NG | Was not reexamined timely |
| 18M | FBTCS/PMS/AS | OXC/CZP/VPA | Seizure reduced | Sensitive | Seizure controlled | – | – | All back to normal | Seizure controlled, EEG normalized |
NG, not given; N, normal; F, female; M, male; SWI, spike-wave index; FMS, focal motor seizures; FSIA, focal seizures with impaired awareness; FBTCS, focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure; GTCS, generalized tonic-clonic seizures; GTS, generalized tonic seizures; AA, atypical absences; PMS, positive myoclonic seizures; AS, atonic seizures; CZP, clonazepam; VPA, sodium valproate; LEV, levetiracetam; LTG, lamotrigine; OXC, oxcarbazepine; NZP, nitrazepam; DZP, diazepam; KD, ketogenic diet.