Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Male or female (age range between 18 and 85)	Premorbid history of a speech/language disorder
Any number of years of education	Proficiency in more than just Spanish and English
Bilingual speaking Spanish and English with any degree of language proficiency prior to stroke	Overt, behaviorally noticeable, attentional limitations that interfere with completing the experimental tasks
Aphasia* secondary to a left hemisphere stroke (diagnosed by a neurologist on the basis of clinical CT/MRI imaging or medical reports)	Active medical disease that may compromise participation†
Stroke leading to aphasia must have occurred at least 6 months prior to the initiation of study participation	Diagnosed with mental illness other than active depression
Naming deficits must be present with concurrent lexical/semantic impairment	Neurological condition other than that which resulted in aphasia
Visual and auditory acuity must be sufficient for all assessment and treatment procedures	Current medications known to exert significant effects on cognitive processes (ie, neuroleptics, steroids, anticholinesterase inhibitors and others)
Ability to understand and follow study procedures for the entire length of the study	Current drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the principle investigator, may interfere with adherence to study requirements
	Inability or unwillingness of individual to give written informed consent

*Aphasia severity and clinical profile will be determined using the WAB-R English⁴⁴ and Spanish.⁴⁵

†Participants will be excluded if acute exacerbations of stable disease occur.

WAB-R, Western Aphasia Battery–Revised.