Table 5.
Progressivity, pure horizontal equity and reranking associated with the Chinese healthcare financing system in 2018
| Income quintiles/index | Per capita household expenditure | Indirect tax | Direct tax | UEBMI† | URRBMI | OOP payment | Total | ||||||
| Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | ||
| Gini/CI | 0.3310** | 0.3719** | 0.3246** | 0.3491** | 0.5834** | 0.7277** | 0.3747** | −0.3052** | −0.0376** | 0.2855** | 0.4757** | 0.3093** | 0.3888** |
| 95% CI | (0.3186 to 0.3433) | (0.3510 to 0.3928) | (0.3126 to 0.3367) | (0.3312 to 0.3671) | (0.5149 to 0.6520) | (0.5375 to 0.9179) | (0.3475 to 0.4020) | (−0.3532 to –0.2572) | (−0.0513 to –0.0239) | (0.2175 to 0.3536) | (0.3880 to 0.5634) | (0.2697 to 0.3490) | (0.3209 to 0.4567) |
| KI | −0.0063 | −0.0228** | 0.2525** | 0.3558** | 0.0438** | −0.6361** | −0.4095** | −0.0454 | 0.1038** | −0.0216 | 0.0169 | ||
| 95% CI | (−0.0148 to 0.0022) | (−0.0391 to –0.0065) | (0.1863 to 0.3186) | (0.1749 to 0.5367) | (0.0169 to 0.0706) | (−0.6848 to –0.5875) | (−0.4348 to –0.3842) | (−0.1092 to 0.0184) | (0.0283 to 0.1793) | (−0.0567 to 0.0135) | (−0.0385 to 0.0722) | ||
| g | 0.0062664 | 0.005887 | 0.007438 | 0.005833 | 0.065123 | 0.005916 | 0.040412 | 0.115949 | 0.178104 | 0.200692 | 0.230235 | ||
| V | −0.000006 | −0.000104 | 0.001978 | 0.002161 | 0.003425 | −0.003777 | −0.017012 | −0.005087 | 0.025145 | −0.003869 | 0.008298 | ||
| H | 0.000035 | 0.000034 | 0.000106 | 0.000093 | 0.001156 | 0.000076 | 0.000403 | 0.003937 | 0.007489 | 0.005222 | 0.008269 | ||
| R | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | 0.000014 | 0.000001 | 0.000574 | 0.000009 | 0.000053 | 0.010351 | 0.019535 | 0.012655 | 0.020656 | ||
| RE | −0.000041 | −0.000137 | 0.001857 | 0.002067 | 0.001695 | −0.003862 | −0.017468 | −0.019375 | −0.001880 | −0.021746 | −0.020628 | ||
| RE/RE (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
| V/RE (%) | 14.86 | 75.44 | 106.49 | 104.56 | 202.07 | 97.80 | 97.39 | 26.26 | −1337.78 | 17.79 | −40.23 | ||
| H/RE (%) | −85.12 | −24.56 | 5.73 | 4.50 | 68.21 | −1.97 | −2.31 | −20.32 | −398.44 | −24.01 | −40.09 | ||
| R / RE (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.06 | 33.86 | −0.23 | −0.30 | −53.42 | −1039.34 | −58.19 | −100.14 | ||
*P<0.05, **p<0.01.
†UEBMI was exclusively implemented in urban areas.
CI, Concentration Index; g, payments as fraction of income; H, horizontal inequity; KI, Kakwani Index; OOP, out of pocket; R, reranking; RE, total redistributive effect; UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; URRBMI, Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance; V, vertical redistribution effect.