Table 3.
Mean psychological outcome scores for the screening sample by sociodemographic characteristics and smoking status
| Cancer worry T0
(range 7–29) |
Cancer worry T1
(range 7–29) |
Cancer worry T2
(range 7–29) |
Anxiety T0
(range 0–21) |
Anxiety T2
(range 0–21) |
Depression T0
(range 0–21) |
Depression T2
(range 0–21) |
|
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |
| Gender† | |||||||
| Female | 11.79 (11.40 to 12.18)** | 11.31 (10.84 to 11.78) | 12.05 (11.46 to 12.64) | 5.61 (5.12 to 6.10)** | 6.40 (5.71 to 7.10)* | 3.61 (3.21 to 4.00) | 4.16 (3.57 to 4.75) |
| Male | 10.95 (10.63 to 11.27)** | 10.66 (10.25 to 11.07) | 11.73 (11.21 to 12.26) | 3.95 (3.56 to 4.33)** | 5.25 (4.66 to 5.83)* | 3.06 (2.73 to 3.39) | 4.15 (3.60 to 4.69) |
| Age, beta (95% CI)‡ | −0.04 (-0.10 to 0.03) | −0.08 (-0.15 to -0.00) | −0.06 (-0.15 to 0.04) | −0.11 (-0.18 to -0.03)** | −0.22 (-0.32 to -0.11)* | −0.08 (-0.13 to -0.01) | −0.08 (-0.18 to 0.02) |
| Ethnicity§ | |||||||
| White | 11.38 (11.11 to 11.64) | 11.09 (10.76 to 11.42) | 11.77 (11.37 to 12.17) | 4.79 (4.45 to 5.14) | 5.79 (5.32 to 6.25) | 3.21 (2.94 to 3.50) | 4.08 (3.67 to 4.49) |
| Minority ethnic group | 11.15 (10.42 to 11.88) | 10.09 (9.15 to 11.02) | 13.03 (11.31 to 14.74) | 4.44 (3.69 to 5.19) | 5.67 (3.88 to 7.46) | 3.88 (3.26 to 4.49) | 5.00 (3.39 to 6.61) |
| Education§ | |||||||
| Left school ≤age 15 | 11.45 (11.06 to 11.85) | 10.82 (10.35 to 11.30) | 12.23 (11.60 to 12.86) | 4.85 (4.39 to 5.31) | 6.33 (5.61 to 7.04) | 3.60 (3.25 to 3.95)* | 5.02 (4.41 to 5.64)* |
| CSEs/O levels | 10.95 (10.22 to 11.68) | 10.77 (9.93 to 11.61) | 12.02 (10.76 to 13.28) | 4.40 (3.45 to 5.34) | 5.89 (4.35 to 7.44) | 3.85 (2.93 to 4.76)* | 4.26 (2.77 to 5.75)* |
| A levels/further/other | 11.54 (10.98 to 12.10) | 11.43 (10.58 to 12.28) | 12.14 (11.21 to 13.08) | 5.10 (4.33 to 5.87) | 6.00 (5.02 to 6.98) | 3.10 (2.49 to 3.72)* | 3.70 (2.94 to 4.45)* |
| University degree | 11.10 (10.63 to 11.57) | 11.04 (10.48 to 11.60) | 11.05 (10.41 to 11.70) | 4.34 (3.72 to 4.96) | 4.73 (3.96 to 5.50) | 2.64 (2.12 to 3.17)* | 3.04 (2.32 to 3.75)* |
| Employment status§ | |||||||
| Retired | 11.46 (11.12 to 11.81) | 11.11 (10.67 to 11.55) | 12.27 (11.76 to 12.78) | 4.80 (4.39 to 5.22)* | 5.98 (5.40 to 6.55)** | 3.52 (3.19 to 3.86)** | 4.62 (4.10 to 5.14)* |
| Employed | 11.19 (10.79 to 11.60) | 10.73 (10.31 to 11.15) | 11.10 (10.42 to 11.77) | 4.03 (3.52 to 4.53)** | 5.07 (4.31 to 5.84)** | 2.40 (2.02 to 2.79)** | 2.73 (2.14 to 3.31)* |
| Unemployed/disabled/homemaker/other | 11.07 (10.05 to 12.08) | 11.23 (9.87 to 12.59) | 12.00 (10.27 to 13.73) | 6.87 (5.60 to 8.14)** | 7.92 (5.97 to 9.87)** | 5.72 (4.94 to 6.94)** | 5.96 (4.15 to 7.78)* |
| Marital status§ | |||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 11.17 (10.82 to 11.52) | 10.95 (10.49 to 11.42) | 11.64 (11.12 to 12.17) | 4.38 (3.91 to 4.85) | 5.35 (4.72 to 5.98) | 2.86 (2.49 to 3.23)** | 3.33 (2.81 to 3.84)* |
| Not married/cohabiting | 11.48 (11.13 to 11.84) | 10.99 (10.57 to 11.41) | 12.07 (11.50 to 12.64) | 5.01 (4.59 to 5.43) | 6.14 (5.51 to 6.77) | 3.68 (3.33 to 4.03)* | 4.82 (4.25 to 5.40)* |
| Smoking status† | |||||||
| Current smoker¶ | 11.37 (11.07 to 11.67) | 11.10 (10.72 to 11.48) | 12.07 (11.58 to 12.55) | 4.76 (4.38 to 5.14) | 6.02 (5.44 to 6.59) | 3.39 (3.08 to 3.70) | 4.50 (3.98 to 5.02) |
| Former smoker | 11.29 (10.82 to 11.76) | 10.75 (10.19 to 11.30) | 11.53 (10.86 to 12.20) | 4.64 (4.07 to 5.20) | 5.37 (4.65 to 6.09) | 3.16 (2.70 to 3.60) | 3.55 (2.95 to 4.15) |
*p<0.01 in unadjusted analyses, **p<0.01 (bold) in unadjusted analyses and linear regression models adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, education, employment status, marital status and smoking status. For psychological outcomes at T1 and T2, the models were also adjusted for T0 outcomes.
*Independent samples t-test.
†Bivariate linear regression.
‡One-way ANOVA.
§Including occasional smokers.
CSE, Certificate of Secondary Education.