Table 4.
Associations of maternal psychological distress during pregnancy with lung function and asthma in children at age 10 years, adjusted for paternal psychological distress during pregnancy
| N | FEV1
Z-score (95% CI) n=3757 |
FVC Z-score (95% CI) n=3757 |
FEV1/FVC Z-score (95% CI) n=3757 |
FEF75
Z-score (95% CI) n=3757 |
Current asthma OR (95% CI) n=3640 |
|
| Main model + paternal psychological distress | ||||||
| Overall psychological distress | 4231 | |||||
| Per 1-unit increase | −0.07 (−0.17 to 0.03) | −0.10 (−0.19 to −0.00)* | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.09 to 0.10) | 1.79 (1.26 2.56)** | |
| Clinical cut-off | −0.02 (-0.14 to 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.10 to 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.08 to 0.15) | 1.92 (1.26 to 2.92)** | |
| Depressive symptoms | 4225 | |||||
| Per 1-unit increase | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 1.45 (1.10 to 1.91)** | |
| Clinical cut-off | −0.12 (−0.24 to −0.00)* | −0.12 (−0.23 to −0.01)* | −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.08) | 1.82 (1.19 to 2.80)** | |
| Anxiety symptoms | 4226 | |||||
| Per 1-unit increase | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.07) | 1.57 (1.20 to 2.06)** | |
| Clinical cut-off | 0.00 (−0.11 to 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.09 to 0.12) | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.06) | 1.64 (1.09 to 2.47)* |
Values are z-scores or odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs from linear or logistic regression models, respectively.
Maternal psychological distress is treated as a continuous variable (per 1-unit increase) or a dichotomous variable based on clinical cut-offs (no; yes, where ‘no’ was the reference category).
The main models were adjusted for maternal age, parity, education level, smoking during pregnancy, body mass index at enrolment, history of asthma or atopy and pet keeping, and child’s sex, gestational age at birth, birth weight, ethnicity, breastfeeding and daycare attendance. Additionally, models were adjusted for paternal psychological distress during pregnancy.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
FEF75, forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of FVC; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.