Table 1.
Demographic, neurological, and infection data.
| Parameter | C (n = 42) | S (n = 49) | P (n = 8) | Significant differences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C vs. S | C vs. P | S vs. P | |||||
| Agea | [years] | 66.5 (51.3; 78.3) | 71 (59; 78) | 79.5 (71.8; 85.8) | – | 0.022 | 0.038 |
| Sexb | male | 42.9% (18) | 69.4% (34) | 62.5% (5) | 0.010 | – | – |
| Inpatient staya | [days] | 3 (2; 4) | 4 (3; 7) | 10 (9; 15.3) | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Dysphagiab | 9.5% (4) | 12.2% (6) | 75% (6) | – | 0.000 | 0.001 | |
| NIHSSa | at inpatient admission | –§ | 2 (1; 4) | 6.5 (3.3; 18.5) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.008 |
| mRSa | at inpatient admission | 1 (1; 2) | 2 (2; 3) | 3.5 (3; 5) | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| at inpatient dismissal | 0.5 (0; 1) | 1 (1; 2) | 3 (2.3; 3.8) | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Stroke localizationb | anterior circulation | –§ | 61.2% (30) | 62.5% (5) | n.d. | n.d. | – |
| posterior circulation | –§ | 38.8% (19) | 37.5% (3) | ||||
| Stroke localizationb | right | –§ | 46.9% (23) | 62.5% (5) | n.d. | n.d. | – |
| left | –§ | 46.9% (23) | 25% (2) | ||||
| both sides | –§ | 6.1% (3) | 12.5% (1) | ||||
| TOAST classificationb | microangiopathic | –§ | 18.4% (9) | 0% (0) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.030 |
| macroangiopathic | –§ | 42.9% (21) | 12.5% (1) | ||||
| cardioembolic | –§ | 28.6% (14) | 75% (6) | ||||
| undetermined | –§ | 8.2% (4) | 0% (0) | ||||
| other | –§ | 2% (1) | 12.5% (1) | ||||
| Comorbiditiesa | [n] | 2 (1; 4.3) | 3 (2; 5) | 3.5 (2.3; 5.5) | – | – | – |
| Medicationsa | [n] | 2.5 (1; 4) | 2 (1; 4) | 2 (1.3; 2.8) | – | – | – |
| Active smoking statusb | 38.1% (16) | 49% (24) | 50% (4) | – | – | – | |
| History of strokeb | 45.2% (19) | 16.3% (8) | 25% (2) | 0.003 | – | – | |
| History of pneumoniab | yes | 26.2% (11) | 6.1% (3) | 0% (0) | – | – | – |
| unknown | 2.4% (1) | 4.1% (2) | 0% (0) | ||||
| Embolectomyb | –§ | 4.1% (2) | 37.5% (3) | n.d. | n.d. | 0.017 | |
| Nasogastric tubeb | 0% (0) | 4.1% (2) | 37.5% (3) | – | 0.003 | 0.017 | |
| Time to diagnosis of pneumoniaa | [days] | –$ | –$ | 2 (0.3; 3.8) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| UTI during inpatient careb,** | 14.3% (6) | 14.9% (7) | 37.5% (3) | – | – | – | |
| Time to diagnosis of UTIa,*** | [days] | 1 (1; 1.3) | 1 (1; 5) | 1 (0; 2) | – | – | – |
C, stroke mimics; S, stroke patients without pneumonia; P, stroke patients with pneumonia; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Score; mRS, modified Rankin scale; TOAST, Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; UTI, urinary tract infection.
Depiction of mediansa (first quartile; third quartile) or relative proportionsb (numbers of patients) and statistically significant differences from pairwise comparisons (Mann–Whitney U or χ2-tests, respectively; α = 0.05). For evaluation of the general influence of a given parameter among all groups, α was adjusted according to the error rates method to α*(3) = 0.01695243.
not applicable for group C;
not applicable for groups C and S; n.d., not determined;
only applicable for 47 patients from group S (two patients already with UTI at time of inpatient admission);
only applicable for six, seven, and three patients from groups C, S, and P, respectively, who developed a UTI; p-value, significant (p ≤ 0.05); –, not significant (p > 0.05).