TABLE 1.
Overview of Antibiotic resistance in E. coli toward major antibiotics in Australia, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and United States (Source: The Center for Disease, Dynamics Economics & Policy. ResistanceMap: Antibiotic resistance. 2020. https://resistancemap.cddep.org/AntibioticResistance.php. Date accessed: May 31, 2020).
| Antibiotics | Year | Aminoglycosides | Aminopenicillins | Amoxicillin-clavulanate | Carbapenems | Cephalosporins (3rd gen) | Fluoroquinolones | Piperacillin-tazobactam | Glycylcyclines | Polymyxins | |||||||||
| AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | AMR (%) | Total sample tested | ||
| Australia | 2013 | 8 | 2958 | 52 | 2958 | – | – | 0 | 2958 | 8 | 2958 | 10 | 2958 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2014 | 8 | 3493 | 52 | 3493 | 21 | 3493 | 0 | 3493 | 9 | 3493 | 10 | 3493 | 3 | 3493 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2015 | 8 | 3994 | 55 | 3992 | 22 | 3995 | 0 | 3993 | 11 | 3994 | 13 | 3994 | 3 | 3974 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2016 | 8 | 4353 | 54 | 4353 | 22 | 4354 | 0 | 4353 | 11 | 4355 | 12 | 4353 | 3 | 4345 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2017 | 9 | 4355 | 54 | 4353 | 22 | 4354 | 0 | 4353 | 11 | 4355 | 12 | 4353 | 6 | 4345 | – | – | – | – | |
| India | 2008 | 61 | 62 | – | – | – | – | 9 | 55 | 71 | 63 | 83 | 63 | 36 | 61 | – | – | – | – |
| 2009 | 75 | 165 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 155 | 82 | 165 | 90 | 165 | 30 | 162 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2010 | 70 | 196 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 185 | 77 | 195 | 88 | 196 | 28 | 194 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2011 | 66 | 309 | – | – | – | – | 7 | 281 | 79 | 281 | 89 | 310 | 30 | 298 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2012 | 70 | 485 | – | – | – | – | 13 | 412 | 82 | 472 | 85 | 486 | 41 | 471 | 2 | 180 | 3 | 118 | |
| 2013 | 63 | 458 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 445 | 80 | 441 | 85 | 458 | 34 | 442 | 0 | 205 | 1 | 186 | |
| 2014 | 61 | 422 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 408 | 83 | 400 | 84 | 418 | 37 | 407 | 3 | 144 | 3 | 186 | |
| 2015 | 26 | 3333 | – | – | – | – | 15 | 3108 | 78 | 3072 | 78 | 3316 | 36 | 2295 | 1 | 2242 | 0 | 2518 | |
| 2016 | 24 | 225 | – | – | – | – | 20 | 223 | 80 | 259 | 84 | 275 | 42 | 106 | – | – | 0 | 218 | |
| 2017 | 17 | 1619 | – | – | – | – | 18 | 1619 | 77 | 1619 | 84 | 1619 | 28 | 1619 | – | – | 1 | 1619 | |
| South Africa | 2011 | 15 | 1726 | 81 | 1726 | 28 | 1726 | 0 | 1726 | 16 | 1726 | 28 | 1726 | 15 | 1726 | – | – | – | – |
| 2012 | 19 | 3413 | 83 | 3416 | 29 | 1962 | 0 | 3380 | 19 | 3407 | 28 | 3407 | 15 | 3263 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2013 | 18 | 3814 | 79 | 2093 | 41 | 3835 | 0 | 3818 | 18 | 3766 | 27 | 3824 | 14 | 3803 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2014 | 19 | 4202 | 80 | 4199 | 29 | 2760 | 0 | 4159 | 19 | 4129 | 28 | 4205 | 16 | 4191 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2015 | 17 | 6526 | 84 | 3506 | 35 | 5951 | 0 | 6387 | 21 | 5633 | 29 | 5611 | 16 | 6107 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2016 | 17 | 6636 | 82 | 5825 | 34 | 6618 | 0 | 6489 | 23 | 6523 | 28 | 5804 | 16 | 6253 | – | – | – | – | |
| United Kingdom | 2000 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2001 | 3 | 1355 | 51 | 1384 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1154 | 6 | 1225 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2002 | 3 | 1906 | 52 | 1914 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1703 | 7 | 1729 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2003 | 5 | 2195 | 55 | 2171 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 2018 | 11 | 2066 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2004 | 6 | 1985 | 53 | 1918 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 190 | 14 | 1969 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2005 | 8 | 2052 | 56 | 1987 | – | – | – | – | 6 | 1892 | 17 | 2127 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2006 | 7 | 2076 | 57 | 2141 | – | – | 0 | 1469 | 8 | 1772 | 20 | 2155 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2007 | 7 | 2035 | 55 | 2105 | – | – | 0 | 1543 | 10 | 1828 | 18 | 2140 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2008 | 7 | 1923 | 61 | 1763 | – | – | 0 | 1436 | 7 | 2193 | 15 | 2370 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2009 | 8 | 4311 | 62 | 3824 | – | – | 0 | 3459 | 10 | 3943 | 18 | 4130 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2010 | 9 | 4929 | 62 | 4429 | – | – | 0 | 4025 | 9 | 4547 | 18 | 4815 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2011 | 8 | 5661 | 63 | 5074 | – | – | 0 | 4640 | 10 | 5182 | 18 | 5564 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2012 | 9 | 6390 | 63 | 5846 | – | – | 0 | 5182 | 13 | 5663 | 17 | 6241 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2013 | 10 | 7166 | 63 | 6648 | – | – | 0 | 6251 | 15 | 6586 | 17 | 6998 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2014 | 9 | 7274 | 63 | 6637 | – | – | 0 | 6367 | 11 | 6221 | 17 | 6921 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2015 | 11 | 6052 | 66 | 5117 | – | – | 0 | 5497 | 12 | 5169 | 16 | 5812 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2016 | 10 | 23166 | 63 | 21614 | – | – | 0 | 22762 | 10 | 21846 | 17 | 22883 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2017 | 11 | 30739 | 63 | 28647 | – | – | 0 | 30074 | 11 | 27925 | 18 | 30185 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| United States | 1999 | – | – | 43 | 7687 | 12 | 932 | 0 | 6096 | 2 | 6779 | 5 | 7644 | 5 | 3455 | – | – | – | – |
| 2000 | – | – | 44 | 9611 | 16 | 2074 | 0 | 8228 | 2 | 8570 | 7 | 9595 | 4 | 6080 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2001 | – | – | 44 | 10512 | 19 | 2278 | 0 | 8515 | 2 | 9362 | 10 | 10404 | 4 | 7594 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2002 | – | – | 44 | 10904 | 17 | 2636 | 0 | 9105 | 3 | 9553 | 12 | 10838 | 4 | 7917 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2003 | – | – | 46 | 11231 | 18 | 2652 | 0 | 9130 | 3 | 9907 | 14 | 11205 | 3 | 8751 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2004 | – | – | 48 | 12346 | 19 | 2435 | 0 | 10205 | 4 | 11291 | 17 | 12534 | 3 | 10395 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2005 | – | – | 49 | 12077 | 20 | 1788 | 0 | 10078 | 4 | 11372 | 20 | 12317 | 3 | 10861 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2006 | – | – | 52 | 10431 | 24 | 1767 | 0 | 9728 | 4 | 10233 | 23 | 10739 | 3 | 9832 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2007 | – | – | 53 | 10157 | 27 | 1925 | 0 | 9390 | 5 | 9980 | 25 | 10445 | 3 | 9630 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2008 | – | – | 54 | 9224 | 30 | 1705 | 0 | 8798 | 6 | 8973 | 27 | 9459 | 3 | 9163 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2009 | – | – | 54 | 8072 | 26 | 1264 | 0 | 7761 | 7 | 8100 | 28 | 8427 | 5 | 8151 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2010 | – | – | 53 | 7532 | 21 | 1481 | 0 | 7631 | 8 | 7631 | 27 | 7985 | 6 | 6996 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2011 | – | – | 55 | 7587 | 20 | 1620 | 0 | 6962 | 10 | 7170 | 28 | 8086 | 5 | 5224 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2012 | 8 | 4400 | 45 | 8240 | 18 | 801 | 1 | 7673 | 8 | 7967 | 22 | 8503 | 4 | 5245 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2013 | 15 | 9203 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 9203 | 10 | 9203 | 31 | 9203 | 8 | 9203 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2014 | 15 | 11071 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 11071 | 12 | 11071 | 31 | 11071 | 9 | 11071 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2015 | 17 | 13032 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 13032 | 15 | 13032 | 33 | 13032 | 8 | 13032 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2016 | 15 | 16453 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 16453 | 15 | 16453 | 31 | 16453 | 6 | 16453 | – | – | – | – | |