Table 3. Associations Between Hospital-Level ICU Use and Outcomes Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models.
| Outcome | Quartile 1 (n = 5336) | Quartile 2 (n = 5548) | Quartile 3 (n = 5597) | Quartile 4 (n = 7470) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite | ||||
| No. (%) | 131 (2.5) | 196 (3.5) | 198 (3.5) | 262 (3.5) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.42 (1.12-1.81) | 1.45 (1.14-1.84) | 1.43 (1.14-1.80) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 1.17 (0.90-1.52) | 0.99 (0.76-1.28) | 0.71 (0.55-0.92) |
| Death | ||||
| No. (%) | 66 (1.2) | 117 (2.1) | 106 (1.9) | 162 (2.2) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.70 (1.25-2.33) | 1.53 (1.12-2.11) | 1.75 (1.30-2.36) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 1.42 (1.03-1.97) | 1.06 (0.76-1.48) | 0.91 (0.66-1.26) |
| Pneumonia | ||||
| No. (%) | 44 (0.8) | 33 (0.6) | 45 (0.8) | 58 (0.8) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 0.71 (0.44-1.14) | 0.99 (0.63-1.55) | 0.93 (0.61-1.42) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 0.61 (0.37-0.997) | 0.73 (0.46-1.17) | 0.54 (0.34-0.85) |
| Unplanned intubation | ||||
| No. (%) | 49 (0.9) | 75 (1.4) | 79 (1.4) | 114 (1.5) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.43 (0.96-2.14) | 1.53 (1.03-2.28) | 1.67 (1.14-2.43) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 1.13 (0.74-1.74) | 0.97 (0.63-1.50) | 0.75 (0.49-1.13) |
| ARDS | ||||
| No. (%) | 18 (0.3) | 21 (0.4) | 16 (0.3) | 32 (0.4) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.09 (0.52-2.25) | 0.83 (0.38-1.80) | 1.14 (0.57-2.27) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 0.90 (0.43-1.90) | 0.54 (0.24-1.19) | 0.51 (0.24-1.06) |
| Unplanned ICU transfer | ||||
| No. (%) | 96 (1.8) | 127 (2.3) | 123 (2.2) | 214 (2.9) |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.19 (0.86-1.65) | 1.20 (0.87-1.67) | 1.61 (1.19-2.18) |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | 1 [Reference] | 1.02 (0.72-1.42) | 0.86 (0.61-1.20) | 0.89 (0.65-1.23) |
Abbreviations: ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio.
a
ORs are adjusted for propensity scores based on patient-level and hospital-level factors associated with ICU admission (eAppendix 2 in the Supplement).