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. 2020 Nov 19;3(11):e2029540. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540

Table 3. Risk Factors and Correlates of Delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Risk factor Risk factor prevalence, patients, No. (%) (N = 817) Patients with delirium, No./total (%) RR (95% CI)
Risk factor present Risk factor absent
Risk factors (before baseline)a
Age >75 y 459 (56) 157/459 (34) 69/358 (19) 1.77 (1.39-2.27)
Male 386 (47) 103/386 (27) 123/431 (29) 0.94 (0.75-1.17)
Black 215 (27) 58/215 (27) 164/578 (28) 0.95 (0.74-1.23)
Hispanic or Latinx 54 (7) 11/54 (20) 211/739 (29) 0.71 (0.42-1.22)
Nonwhite race 300 (38) 79/300 (26) 143/493 (29) 0.91 (0.72-1.15)
English, nonfluent 111 (14) 29/111 (26) 193/690 (28) 0.93 (0.67-1.31)
Living in nursing home 213 (26) 72/213 (34) 154/604 (26) 1.33 (1.05-1.67)
Living in nursing home or assisted living 297 (36) 104/297 (35) 122/520 (24) 1.49 (1.20-1.86)
Heavy alcohol use 20 (2) 4/20 (20) 222/797 (28) 0.72 (0.30-1.74)
Active smoker 16 (2) 5/16 (31) 221/801 (28) 1.13 (0.54-2.36)
Prior psychoactive medication use 464 (57) 155/464 (33) 71/353 (20) 1.66 (1.30-2.12)
Chronic conditions (comorbidities)
≥4 Chronic conditions 119 (15) 48/119 (40) 178/698 (26) 1.58 (1.23-2.04)
Vision impairment 59 (7) 36/59 (61) 190/758 (25) 2.43 (1.92-3.09)
Hearing impairment 54 (7) 23/54 (43) 203/763 (27) 1.60 (1.15-2.23)
Cognitive impairment or dementia 248 (30) 95/248 (38) 131/569 (23) 1.66 (1.34-2.07)
Stroke or cerebrovascular accident 107 (13) 46/107 (43) 180/710 (25) 1.70 (1.32-2.18)
Parkinson disease 23 (3) 14/23 (61) 212/794 (27) 2.28 (1.61-3.23)
Chronic pulmonary disease 221 (27) 53/221 (24) 173/596 (29) 0.83 (0.63-1.08)
Diabetes 312 (38) 90/312 (29) 136/505 (27) 1.07 (0.85-1.34)
Obesity (body mass index ≥35)b 67 (8) 21/67 (31) 205/750 (27) 1.15 (0.79-1.67)
Active cancer 37 (5) 10/37 (27) 216/780 (28) 0.98 (0.57-1.68)
Chronic kidney disease 179 (22) 51/179 (29) 175/638 (27) 1.04 (0.80-1.35)
Requiring hemodialysis 38 (5) 8/38 (21) 218/779 (28) 0.75 (0.40-1.41)
Chronic liver disease 23 (3) 8/23 (35) 218/794 (28) 1.27 (0.72-2.24)
Immunosuppressive conditions 69 (8) 14/69 (20) 212/748 (28) 0.72 (0.44-1.16)
Mental health conditions 227 (28) 76/227 (34) 150/590 (25) 1.32 (1.05-1.66)

Abbreviation: RR, relative risk.

a

Data are missing on race variables for 3% of cases and on English fluency for 2% of cases.

b

Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.