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Figure of the potential mechanisms which induce sight-threatening events of diabetic retinopathy (DR), proliferative DR (PDR), and diabetic macular edema (DME). Abbreviation: AGE, advanced glycation end-products; PKC, protein kinase C; RAS, renin– angiotensin system, ROS, reactive oxygen species; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; mETC, mitochondrial electron transport chain
