Table 3.
Means (and standard deviations) of cognitive measures and ratings of inattention (left columns) and effect sizes for deficits (Cohen’s d) (right columns).
| TD outcome (n = 150) | RD (n = 22) | MD (n = 18) | RD&MD (n = 33) | F(3, 218) | RD deficit [confidence interval] | MD deficit [confidence interval] | RD&MD deficit [confidence interval] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | .39 (.81) | −.18 (.73)1 | −.56 (.67)1,2 | −.902 (.88) | 27.83*** | .71 [.26, 1.16] | 1.19 [.69, 1.70] | 1.57 [1.16, 2.00] |
| Phoneme awareness | .32 (.87) | −.19 (.78)1 | −.49 (.96)1 | −1.02 (.83) | 24.39*** | .59 [.14, 1.04] | .92 [.42, 1.41] | 1.55 [1.14, 1.96] |
| RAN digits | .38 (.87) | −.41 (.68)1 | −.57 (.81)1,2 | −1.11 (.76)2 | 33.45*** | .93 [.47, 1.38] | 1.09 [.59, 1.59] | 1.74 [1.31, 2.15] |
| Executive function | .20 (.88)1 | .16 (.83)1 | −.69 (1.00)2 | −.48 (1.09)2 | 8.98*** | .05 [−.40, .49] | 1.00 [.49, 1.50] | .74 [.35, 1.12] |
| Speed of processinga | -.14 (.89)1 | −.35 (.58)1 | .73 (1.09)2 | .34 (1.06)2 | 7.67*** | .25 [−.20, .69] | −.96 [−1.46, .46] | −.53 [−.91, −.14] |
| Inattentionb | .34 (.74) | −.23 (.90)1 | −.27 (.72)1 | −1.15 (.89) | 31.40*** | .76 [.28,1.25] | .83 [.27, 1.39] | 1.95 [1.49, 2.40] |
Note. All measures are factor scores except rapid automatized naming (RAN) digits and speed of processing. RD, reading disorder; MD, mathematics disorder, RD&MD, comorbid RD and MD. Means sharing the same subscript do not differ.
a
Simple reaction time [RT(z)].
b
Parent and teacher ratings on Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) Symptoms and Normal Behavior Questionnaire (SWAN) (missing data imputed) (TD = 140, RD = 19, MD = 14, RD&MD = 29).
***
p < .001.