Table 4.
Examples of potential PCa biomarkers discovered in clinical samples by mass spectrometry
| Biomarker | Sample type | Clinical application | MS technique | Publication year | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Protein panel | Serum | Prediction of PCa recurrence | Discovery by label-free LC–MS/MS; Validation by MRM-MS | 2013 | Morrissey et al. [278] |
| Cholesterol, dihydrosphingomyelin, phophatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylethanolamine | Serum | Detection of PCa | ESI–MS/MS | 2014 | Patel et al. [279] |
| Ureidoisobutyric acid, Indoylacroylglycine, N-acetylvanilalinine | Urine | Detection of PCa | LC-HRMS | 2014 | Goto et al. [280] |
| 41 Protein panel | Serum | Prediction of PCa recurrence | Discovery by label-free LC–MS/MS; Validation by MRM-MS | 2015 | Tonry et al. [281] |
| 3 Protein panel | Urine | Detection of PCa | LC–MS/MS | 2015 | Overbye et al. [282] |
| Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, CD44 antigen, Immunoglobulin gamma 2 heavy chain, Cadherin-13 | Serum | Aggressive v non aggressive PCa | PRM-MS | 2015 | Thomas et al. [283] |
| PAP and Galectin-3 | Urine | Detection of PCa | Discovery by label-free LC–MS/MS; Validation by MRM-MS | 2015 | Geisler et al. [284] |
| 136 Protein panel | Urine | Early diagnosis of PCa | MRM-MS | 2015 | Percy et al. [285] |
| Sphingosine | Tissue | Differentiation of PCa from BPH | LC–MS (metabolomics) | 2016 | Ren et al. [286] |
| 3 Protein panel | Serum | Detection of PCa | Discovery by iTRAQ 3D LC–MS; Validation by ELISA | 2016 | Larkin et al. [287] |
| Lactoferrin | Tear | Differentiation of PCa from BPH | MRM-MS | 2016 | You et al. [288] |
| Claudin 3 | Plasma (exosomes) | Differentiation of PCa from BPH | LC–MS discovery, ELISA validation | 2017 | Worst et al. [289] |
| Free amino acids: methionine, 3-methylhistidine, serine, sarcosine and proline | Serum + urine | Detection of PCa | LC–ESI–MS/MS | 2017 | Derezinski et al. [290] |
| 12 protein panel | Urine | Early diagnosis of PCa | MRM-MS | 2017 | Shi et al. [230] |
| Furan, p-xylene | Urine | Detection of PCa | GC–MS | 2018 | Jiminez-Pacheco et al. [291] |
| 56 N-glycopeptide panel | Urine | Differentiation of PCa from BPH | Discovery by label-free LC–MS/MS; Validation by PRM-MS | 2018 | Kawahara et al. [292] |
| 3 Protein panel | Serum | Prediction of survival in metastatic PCa | 2DE-MS | 2018 | Cho et al. [293] |
| Sarcosine and related metabolites | Urine | Early diagnosis of PCa | MRM-MS | 2018 | Yamkamon et al. [294] |
| Ferritin (heavy and light chain) | Urine | PCa Diagnosis | 2DE-MS | 2019 | Zhao et al. [295] |
| Morse et al. multivariate Metabolomic classifier | Tissue | DESI-MSI | 2019 | Morse et al. [296] | |
| Panel of 4 heavy metals | Serum | Prediction of PCa risk | Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) | 2019 | Lim et al. [297] |
| 4 protein panel | Tissue | Distinguish between low and high grade PCa | Discovery by label-free LC–MS/MS; Validation by PRM-MS | 2019 | Kawahara et al. [298] |
| 20-Metabolite panel | Serum | Prediction of PCa recurrence | NMR + LC–MS | 2019 | Clendinen et al. [299] |
| Phospho-lipid panel | Tissue | Prediction of PCa aggression | MALDI-MSI | 2019 | Randall et al. [300] |
| 75 Protein panel | FFPE | Detection of PCa and differentiation of PCa from BPH | DIA-MS + verification by MRM-MS | 2020 | Sun et al. [245] |
PCa: prostate cancer; LC–MS/MS: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry; ESI–MS: electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry; LC-HRMS: liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry; MRM-MS: multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry; PRM-MS: parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry; GC–MS: gas chromatography mass spectrometry; 2DE-MS: 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis mass spectrometry; DESI-MSI: Desorption electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry imaging; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; MALDI-MSI: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging; DIA-MS: data independent acquisition mass spectrometry