Table 1.

Descriptive statistics (weighted percentages with frequencies and weighted means with standard deviations (SD)) and unadjusted odds ratios (UOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of risk factors for stunting among Mexican children aged 6–35 months (N = 2,089).

	Subsample	Stunting
	% (n)/mean (SD)	% (n)/mean (SD)	UOR (95% CI)
Overall		12.3 (238)
Individual factors
Child
Age (months)	21.1 (8.7)	22.0 (8.0)	1.01 (0.99–1.03)
Sex
Male	55.2 (1,106)	14.4 (137)	1
Female	44.8 (983)	9.7 (101)	0.63 (0.44–0.91)*
Birthweight
Low	9.6 (172)	28.2 (49)	3.19 (1.79–5.69)***
Normal	84.3 (1,791)	11.0 (180)	1
High	6.1 (126)	5.1 (9)	0.44 (0.18–1.04)
Delivery mode
Vaginal	56.5 (1,226)	13.4 (159)	1
Cesarean-section	43.5 (863)	10.9 (79)	0.79 (0.54–1.16)
Breastfeeding duration
Never breastfed	5.7 (125)	20.2 (19)	1
Any breastfeeding <6 months	23.2 (433)	7.7 (28)	0.33 (0.13–0.81)*
Any breastfeeding ≥6 months	71.1 (1,531)	13.1 (191)	0.60 (0.29–1.23)
Liquids ≠ than breastmilk ≤3 days postpartum
No	55.9 (1,128)	13.8 (135)	1
Yes	44.1 (961)	10.3 (103)	0.72 (0.48–1.07)
Complementary foods <6 months
No	36.7 (837)	11.8 (90)	1
Yes	63.3 (1,252)	12.6 (148)	1.49 (1.03–2.13)*
Maternal
Age (years)	27.9 (6.6)	28.7 (6.1)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)
Employment
Not working	67.5 (1,481)	12.8 (177)	1
Part-time informal	6.4 (120)	15.1 (12)	1.21 (0.47–3.15)
Part-time formal	10.2 (195)	10.3 (21)	0.78 (0.39–1.53)
Full-time informal	9.6 (188)	9.5 (19)	0.72 (0.35–1.45)
Full-time formal	6.2 (105)	11.2 (9)	0.85 (0.33–2.19)
Education
≤ Primary	25.3 (596)	16.8 (96)	2.17 (1.16–4.04)*
Some secondary or secondary	41.3 (904)	13.2 (102)	1.62 (0.89–2.95)
Some high school or high school	21.0 (388)	8.5 (32)	1
Some college or >	12.4 (201)	6.5 (8)	0.75 (0.24–2.33)
Partner status
No	15.7 (312)	11.3 (33)	1
Yes	84.3 (1,777)	12.5 (205)	0.89 (0.51–1.55)
Ethnicity
Non-indigenous	76.9 (1,539)	10.5 (136)	1
Indigenous	23.1 (550)	18.2 (102)	1.89 (1.27–2.81)**
Parity (number of live births)	2.4 (1.4)	2.7 (1.5)	1.19 (1.08–1.32)**
BMI
Underweight	2.7 (60)	10.8 (8)	0.74 (0.26–2.13)
Normal weight	38.8 (749)	14.0 (98)	1
Overweight	34.9 (770)	11.2 (82)	0.78 (0.48–2.13)
Obesity	23.6 (510)	11.2 (50)	0.77 (0.46–1.29)
Height (cm)
(Short stature) ≤ 148.5	19.0 (432)	27.7 (113)	3.57 (2.34–5.45)***
148.6 – 157.8	49.5 (1,047)	9.7 (95)	1
≥ 157.9	31.5 (610)	7.1 (30)	0.71 (0.39–1.27)
Self-reported diabetes (any type)
No	96.2 (2,018)	12.0 (230)	1
Yes	3.7 (71)	20.5 (8)	1.89 (0.71–5.06)
Current tobacco use
No	87.3 (1,907)	12.1 (216)	1
Yes	12.7 (182)	13.6 (22)	1.14 (0.59–2.22)
Household factors
Number of children aged <5 years	1.4 (0.6)	1.5 (0.6)	1.43 (1.02–1.99)*
Grandparent(s) cohabiting
No	69.2 (1,484)	13.8 (181)	1
Yes	30.8 (605)	8.8 (57)	0.60 (0.38–0.93)*
Socioeconomic status
Low	38.5 (898)	16.9 (135)	1.83 (1.18–2.82)**
Medium	34.1 (730)	10.0 (70)	1
High	27.4 (461)	8.7 (33)	0.86 (0.45–1.64)
Food Security
Secure	25.7 (491)	8.3 (39)	1
Mild Insecure	42.4 (940)	10.5 (97)	1.30 (0.77–2.21)
Moderate to Severe Insecure	31.9 (658)	17.9 (102)	2.42 (1.41–4.13)**
Drainage system
Sewer	69.7 (1,235)	11.2 (119)	1
Septic	22.3 (640)	13.1 (81)	1.19 (0.80–1.79)
Other	7.9 (214)	19.4 (38)	1.90 (1.09–3.31)*
Area factors
Region/Area Density
North/Urban	16.1 (321)	8.5 (29)	1
North/Rural	3.2 (125)	6.9 (8)	0.79 (0.29–2.17)
Center/Urban	21.6 (454)	9.3 (39)	1.10 (0.57–2.09)
Center/Rural	11.0 (324)	8.7 (27)	1.02 (0.52–2.03)
Metropolitan/Urban	16.0 (88)	18.5 (15)	2.43 (1.17–5.02)*
South/Urban	18.0 (420)	9.9 (46)	1.18 (0.66–2.10)
South/Rural	14.1 (357)	21.2 (74)	2.89 (1.67–4.98)***

BMI: body mass index. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.