Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on quality of life
| Total Sample | Level of impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on quality of life | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No impact | Minor impact | Major impact | |||
| (n=SS7) | (n=129) | (n=298) | (n=130) | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 80 (8) | 82(7) | 81(8) | 78(8) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 360 (65) | 80 (62) | 202 (68) | 78 (60) | 0.23 |
| Married, n (%) | 238 (43) | 49 (38) | 128 (43) | 61 (47) | 0.35 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 85(15) | 19 (15) | 39 (13) | 27 (21) | 0.13 |
| Middle-school or higher education (≥8 years), n (%) | 201 (36) | 29 (23) | 104 (35) | 68 (52) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 186 (33) | 44(34) | 102 (34) | 40(31) | 0.77 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 143 (26) | 28 (22) | 81 (27) | 34 (26) | 0.50 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 95 (17) | 19 (15) | 58 (20) | 18 (14) | 0.29 |
| COPD, n (%) | 51(9) | 9(7) | 33 (11.1) | 9(7) | 0.28 |
| Cognitive performance (10-CS), mean (SD) | 8.0(1.3) | 7.9(1.3) | 8.0(1.4) | 8.2(1.3) | 0.33 |
| Frailty (FRAIL Scale ≥3), n (%) | 183 (33) | 29(23) | 100 (34) | 54 (42) | 0.004 |
| ADLs (Katz Index), mean (SD) | 5.4(1.1) | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.4(1.1) | 5.4(1.2) | 0.21 |
| Reported gait difficulty, n (%) | 248 (45) | 60 (47) | 138 (46) | 50 (39) | 0.28 |
| Use of mobility assist device, n (%) | 147 (26) | 29 (23) | 84 (28) | 34 (2) | 0.48 |
| Influenza vaccination, n (%) | 419 (75) | 100 (78) | 224 (75) | 95 (73) | 0.71 |
| Level of concern about the pandemic, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Not at all | 108(19) | 55 (43) | 48(16) | 5(4) | |
| Somewhat | 220 (40) | 49 (38) | 137 (46) | 34 (26) | |
| Very much | 229 (41) | 25 (19) | 113 (38) | 91(7) | |
| Checking the news about Coronavirus, n (%) | 0.08 | ||||
| Never | 10 (2) | 4(3) | 6(2) | 0(0) | |
| Sometimes | 88 (16) | 20 (16) | 40(13) | 28 (22) | |
| Daily | 459 (82) | 105 (81) | 252 (85) | 102 (79) | |
| Regular physical activity (≥3 times per week) before the quarantine, n (%) | 235 (42) | 41 (32) | 126 (42) | 68 (52) | 0.004 |
| Regular physical activity (≥3 times per week) during the quarantine, n (%) | 147 (26) | 28 (22) | 79 (26) | 40 (31) | 0.25 |
| LSA before the quarantine, mean (SD) | 42 (21) | 37 (22) | 40 (19) | 51 (20) | <0.001 |
| LSA during the quarantine, mean (SD) | 21 (12) | 24(12) | 20 (13) | 19(12) | 0.009 |
| Loneliness (UCLA-3 ≥ 6), n (%) | 70(13) | 14(11) | 34(11) | 22 (17) | 0.24 |
| Depression (PHQ-2 ≥ 3), n (%) | 54(10) | 9(7) | 25 (8) | 20 (15) | 0.05 |
| Anxiety (GAD-2 ≥ 3), n (%) | 108 (19) | 13 (10) | 51 (17) | 44(34) | <0.001 |
LSA = Life-Space Assessment; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; 10-CS = 10-point Cognitive Screener; ADL = Activities of Daily Living; UCLA-3 = 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale; PHQ-2 = Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item; GAD-2 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; SD = standard deviation; Levels of impact on quality of life were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test for interval variables and the Fisher test for categorical variables.