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Changes in podocyte and tubular injury marker expression in urinary NVs. (A) Time course of relative mRNA levels of desmin, a podocyte injury marker, in urinary NVs. (B) Time course of relative mRNA levels of Aqp1, a tubular marker, in urinary NVs. n=4-8. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. **P<0.01 vs. control group. NVs, nano-extracellular vesicles; Aqp1, aquaporin 1.
