Table 2.
Factors Influencing Menopausal Symptoms Analyzed by Simple and Unconditional Logistic Regression Analysis (n=4595)
| Menopausal Symptom | Crude OR(95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR(95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1) Negative mood | ||||
| Menopause or not | 0.164 | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 1.115(0.956,1.301) | 0.164 | ||
| Age | 1.014(1.002,1.027) | 0.018* | 1.037(1.023,1.052) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 5.501(4.570,6.621) | <0.001 | 2.346(1.791,3.072) | <0.001 |
| Technical secondary school | 5.218(4.053,6.718) | <0.001 | 2.407(1.764,3.284) | <0.001 |
| Junior high school/below | 7.309(5.277,10.123) | <0.001 | 3.332(2.288,4.853) | <0.001 |
| Soya product intake | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 1.042(0.746,1.456) | 0.809 | 1.187(0.791,1.781) | 0.408 |
| 2–3 times/week | 0.795(0.570,1.110) | 0.178 | 0.904(0.606,1.348) | 0.621 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.832(0.581,1.190) | 0.314 | 0.845(0.553,1.291) | 0.435 |
| ≥1time/day | 0.183(0.133,0.253) | <0.001 | 0.502(0.328,0.769) | 0.002 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| None | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Mild | 0.233(0.168,0.324) | <0.001 | 0.990(0.723,1.354) | 0.948 |
| Moderate | 0.916(0.652,1.287) | 0.613 | 0.568(0.413,0.782) | 0.001 |
| Heavy | 1.255(0.885,1.781) | 0.202 | 0.472(0.280,0.797) | 0.005 |
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.906(0.732,1.123) | 0.367 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 0.235(0.194,0.285) | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 3.307(2.752,3.975) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | |||
| Often | 3.330(2.783,3.983) | <0.001 | ||
| HRT | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 3.039(2.262,4.084) | <0.001 | 2.018(1.455,2.801) | 0.029 |
| NO | 15.919(2.200,115.186) | 0.006 | 9.265(1.255,68.377) | <0.001 |
| Higher age at menarche | 1.025(0.962,1.092) | 0.439 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 0.986(0.907,1.073) | 0.750 | NS | |
| Parity | 1.009(0.807,1.263) | 0.935 | NS | |
| 2) Cognitive symptoms | ||||
| Menopause or not | 0.010* | 0.004* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 1.198(1.044,1.375) | 0.010 | 1.302(1.090,1.554) | 0.004 |
| Age | 1.009(0.998,1.019) | 0.111 | 1.034(1.019,1.049) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 5.900(4.962,7.014) | <0.001 | 2.242(1.755,2.864) | <0.001 |
| Technical secondary school | 6.241(4.946,7.875) | <0.001 | 2.543(1.922,3.364) | <0.001 |
| Junior high school/below | 7.022(5.334,9.245) | <0.001 | 2.875(2.089,3.956) | <0.001 |
| Soya product intake | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 0.906(0.677,1.213) | 0.509 | 1.146(0.811,1.620) | 0.441 |
| 2–3 times/week | 0.803(0.597,1.078) | 0.144 | 0.971(0.687,1.372) | 0.866 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.799(0.583,1.095) | 0.163 | 0.897(0.622,1.295) | 0.563 |
| ≥1time/day | 0.142(0.106,0.190) | <0.001 | 0.412(0.283,0.600) | <0.001 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| Mild | 1.149(0.849,1.554) | 0.369 | ||
| Moderate | 0.842(0.627,1.132) | 0.256 | ||
| Heavy | 0.219(0.163,0.293) | 0.000 | ||
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.953(0.791,1.148) | 0.613 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 0.209(0.175,0.248) | 0.000 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 2.949(2.524,3.446) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | |||
| Often | 3.051(2.618,3.556) | |||
| HRT | <0.001* | 0.001* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 2.762(2.164,3.524) | <0.001 | 1.558(1.171,2.074) | 0.002 |
| NO | 5.705(2.059,15.803) | 0.001 | 3.190(1.117,9.111) | 0.030 |
| Higher age at menarche | 0.975(0.929,1.024) | 0.314 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 0.983(0.920,1.050) | 0.605 | NS | |
| Parity | 0.893(0.752,1.061) | 0.199 | NS | |
| 3) Sleep disorder | ||||
| Menopause or not | 0.003* | 0.007* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 1.215(1.068,1.384) | 0.003 | 1.258(1.092,1.450) | 0.007 |
| Age | 1.021(1.011,1.031) | <0.001* | 1.026(1.013,1.039) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 2.857(2.429,3.362) | <0.001 | 1.338(1.057,1.694) | 0.016 |
| Technical secondary school | 3.687(2.974,4.570) | <0.001 | 1.887(1.144,2.465) | <0.001 |
| Junior high school/below | 4.368(3.391,5.625) | <0.001 | 2.058(1.527,2.775) | <0.001 |
| Soya product intake | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 1.037(0.808,1.330) | 0.777 | 1.153(0.858,1.549) | 0.346 |
| 2–3 times/week | 0.922(0.716,1.188) | 0.531 | 1.061(0.787,1.429) | 0.698 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.933(0.710,1.226) | 0.618 | 0.942(0.687,1.291) | 0.709 |
| ≥1time/day | 0.283(0.218,0.366) | <0.001 | 0.555(0.396,0.779) | 0.001 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| None | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Mild | 1.312(1.104,1.560) | 0.002 | 1.111(0.877,1.407) | 0.382 |
| Moderate | 1.036(0.799,1.344) | 0.789 | 0.836(0.566,1.235) | 0.369 |
| Heavy | 0.362(0.306,0.429) | <0.001 | 0.560(0.430,0.730) | <0.001 |
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.910(0.774,1.069) | 0.251 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 0.357(0.303,0.420) | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 2.254(1.960,2.593) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | |||
| Often | 2.143(1.869,2.457) | <0.001 | ||
| HRT | <0.001* | 0.041* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 1.477(1.219,1.789) | 0.002 | 1.070(0.341,1.861) | <0.001 |
| NO | 3.275(1.541,6.961) | <0.001 | 1.992(1.910,4.360) | 0.041 |
| Higher age at menarche | 1.011(0.986,1.055) | 0.663 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 0.989(0.933,1.049) | 0.710 | NS | |
| Parity | 0.945(0.810,1.101) | 0.467 | NS | |
| 4) Vasomotor symptoms | ||||
| Menopause or not | <0.001* | 0.009* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 1.303(1.153,1.474) | <0.001 | 1.259(1.060,1.495) | 0.009 |
| Age | 1.021(1.012,1.031) | <0.001* | 1.023(1.011,1.036) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 1.753(1.490,2.062) | <0.001 | 1.016(0.804,1.284) | 0.894 |
| Technical secondary school | 2.448(2.000,2.997) | <0.001 | 1.489(1.153,1.922) | 0.002 |
| Junior high school/below | 2.889(2.295,3.636) | <0.001 | 1.725(1.305,2.279) | <0.001 |
| Soya product intake | 0.002* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 1.833(1.318,2.549) | <0.001 | 0.826(0.644,1.060) | 0.134 |
| 2–3 times/week | 1.377(1.067,1.777) | 0.014 | 0.775(0.618,0.973) | 0.028 |
| 1–2 times/week | 1.456(1.098,1.931) | 0.009 | 0.675(0.535,0.851) | 0.001 |
| ≥1time/day | 1.573(1.222,2.026) | <0.001 | 0.359(0.280,0.460) | <0.001 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| Mild | 0.900(0.711,1.140) | 0.383 | ||
| Moderate | 0.773(0.611,0.979) | 0.032 | ||
| Heavy | 0.412(0.322,0.526) | <0.001 | ||
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.841(0.728,0.973) | 0.020 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 0.473(0.404,0.553) | <0.001 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 1.644(1.449,1.865) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | 0.018* | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Often | 0.675(0.488,0.934) | 0.018 | 1.547(1.365,1.753) | <0.001 |
| HRT | <0.001* | 0.001* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 0.775(0.636,0.945) | 0.012 | 1.187(0.883,1.596) | 0.255 |
| NO | 1.558(1.242,1.955) | <0.001 | 1.679(1.281,2.200) | <0.001 |
| Higher age at menarche | 1.016(0.978,1.056) | 0.410 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 1.036(0.984,1.091) | 0.182 | NS | |
| Parity | 1.023(0.892,1.174) | 0.742 | NS | |
| 5) Limb pain/paresthesia | ||||
| Menopause or not | 0.030* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 1.209(1.018,1.435) | 0.030 | 1.779(1.296,2.442) | <0.001 |
| Age | 1.015(1.001,1.028) | 0.029* | 1.005(0.982,1.029) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | 0.030* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 0.795(0.585,1.081) | 0.143 | 1.365(0.958,1.946) | 0.085 |
| Technical secondary school | 0.110(0.089,0.136) | <0.001 | 1.493(0.926,2.408) | 0.100 |
| Junior high school/below | 1.141(0.764,1.704) | 0.520 | 1.803(1.139,2.854) | 0.012 |
| Soya product intake | <0.001* | 0.002* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 0.704(0.448,1.107) | 0.129 | 1.142(0.702,1.857) | 0.549 |
| 2–3 times/week | 0.554(0.353,0.870) | 0.010 | 0.779(0.484,1.252) | 0.302 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.540(0.337,0.868) | 0.011 | 0.712(0.433,1.171) | 0.180 |
| ≥1time/day | 0.093(0.061,0.143) | 0.000 | 0.446(0.250,0.797) | 0.006 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| Mild | 0.194(0.156,0.241) | <0.001 | ||
| Moderate | 1.487(0.954,2.317) | 0.080 | ||
| Heavy | 1.895(1.410,2.547) | <0.001 | ||
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.171(0.136,0.215) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 1.086(0.832,1.418) | 0.542 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 5.771(4.522,7.366) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | |||
| Often | 5.860(4.627,7.420) | <0.001 | ||
| HRT | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 0.867(0.493,1.525) | 0.620 | 2.068(1.355,3.156) | 0.001 |
| NO | 0.124(0.078,0.199) | <0.001 | 2.543(1.542,4.193) | <0.001 |
| Higher age at menarche | 0.935(0.861,1.016) | 0.113 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 0.920(0.824,1.026) | 0.134 | NS | |
| Parity | 0.748(0.576,0.973) | 0.030* | NS | |
| 6) Autonomic nervous disorder | ||||
| Menopause or not | 0.007* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 1.230(1.058,1.430) | 0.007 | ||
| Age | 1.019(1.007,1.031) | 0.002* | 1.041(1.025,1.057) | <0.001* |
| Level of education | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| Bachelor’s degree/above | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Senior high school | 4.129(3.456,4.934) | <0.001 | 2.077(1.594,2.707) | <0.001 |
| Technical secondary school | 4.702(3.666,6.031) | <0.001 | 2.339(1.723,3.176) | <0.001 |
| Junior high school/below | 6.392(4.659,8.771) | <0.001 | 3.205(2.223,4.623) | <0.001 |
| Soya product intake | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 3–5 times/week | 1.155(0.842,1.585) | 0.371 | 1.274(0.873,1.859) | 0.209 |
| 2–3 times/week | 0.858(0.626,1.176) | 0.341 | 0.922(0.635,1.338) | 0.669 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.786(0.563,1.098) | 0.158 | 0.769(0.521,1.136) | 0.187 |
| ≥1time/day | 0.221(0.163,0.300) | <0.001 | 0.481(0.322,0.720) | <0.001 |
| Daily exercise intensity | <0.001* | 0.001* | ||
| None | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Mild | 1.059(0.854,1.313) | 0.602 | 0.881(0.657,1.182) | 0.398 |
| Moderate | 0.857(0.627,1.173) | 0.336 | 0.604(0.372,0.979) | 0.041 |
| Heavy | 0.273(0.225,0.331) | <0.001 | 0.568(0.414,0.778) | <0.001 |
| Daily exercise amount | <0.001* | NS | ||
| None | 1.000 | |||
| <30 minutes/day | 0.886(0.724,1.084) | 0.238 | ||
| ≥30 minutes/day | 0.283(0.233,0.343) | 0.000 | ||
| Smoking | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 2.536(2.141,3.005) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001* | NS | ||
| No/seldom | 1.000 | |||
| Often | 2.623(2.220,3.098) | <0.001 | ||
| HRT | <0.001* | 0.042* | ||
| Regularly | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Irregularly | 0.463(0.356,0.602) | <0.001 | 0.882(0.592,1.313) | 0.536 |
| NO | 1.439(1.038,1.997) | 0.029 | 1.466(1.002,2.146) | 0.049 |
| Higher age at menarche | 0.985(0.929,1.045) | 0.627 | NS | |
| Gravidity | 1.022(0.944,1.106) | 0.596 | NS | |
| Parity | 0.950(0.775,1.163) | 0.618 | NS |
Notes: Estimates adjusted by menopause or not, age, level of education, soya products, daily exercise intensity, daily exercise amount, smoking, alcohol consumption, HRT, higher age at menarche, gravidity and parity. Data are reported as coefficient of regression (CR) and standard error (SE). NS, not significant. *P< 0.05 is considered statistically significant.