Table 2.
Odds Ratios for Referral to Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) from Primary Care by Patient Characteristics
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted | |
| Age (years) | ||
| 35–59 | 1 | 1 |
| 60–64 | 1.37 (1.27 – 1.48) | 1.02 (0.93 – 1.10) |
| 65–69 | 1.41 (1.32 – 1.51) | 0.96 (0.89 – 1.04) |
| 70–74 | 1.35 (1.27 – 1.45) | 0.87 (0.80 – 0.94) |
| 75–79 | 1.26 (1.18 – 1.35) | 0.76 (0.70 – 0.82) |
| ≥80 | 0.79 (0.73 – 0.84) | 0.51 (0.47 – 0.55) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.95 (0.92 – 0.99) | 0.93 (0.89 – 0.98) |
| Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) | ||
| 10% most deprived | 1.14 (1.05 – 1.23) | 0.85 (0.78 – 0.93) |
| 10–20% most deprived | 1.11 (1.03 – 1.20) | 0.89 (0.82 – 0.97) |
| 20–30% most deprived | 1.09 (1.01 – 1.18) | 0.94 (0.86 – 1.03) |
| 30–50% most deprived | 1.01 (0.93 – 1.09) | 0.94 (0.86 – 1.03) |
| 50% least deprived | 1 | 1 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Diabetes | 1.01 (0.96 – 1.05) | 0.90 (0.85 – 0.95) |
| Hypertension | 0.99 (0.95 – 1.03) | |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.16 (1.11 – 1.20) | |
| Stroke | 0.92 (0.87 – 0.98) | |
| Heart failure | 1.08 (1.01 – 1.15) | |
| Lung cancer | 0.91 (0.80 – 1.03) | |
| Asthma | 0.93 (0.89 – 0.97) | 0.91 (0.87 – 0.95) |
| Bronchiectasis | 1.61 (1.49 – 1.75) | 1.34 (1.22 – 1.48) |
| Depression | 1.20 (1.15 – 1.25) | 1.08 (1.03 – 1.14) |
| Anxiety | 1.14 (1.09 – 1.18) | |
| Severe mental illnessA | 0.97 (0.90 – 1.04) | |
| Osteoporosis | 1.20 (1.13 – 1.27) | |
| Painful conditionB | 1.21 (1.15 – 1.28) | 0.89 (0.84 – 0.95) |
| MRC grade recorded in the past year | 4.22 (4.01 – 4.44) | 2.68 (2.52 – 2.85) |
| MRC grade (latest recorded) | ||
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2.54 (2.27 – 2.84) | 2.26 (2.01 – 2.54) |
| 3 | 12.26 (10.98 – 13.68) | 11.45 (10.20 – 12.85) |
| 4 | 14.32 (12.79 – 16.03) | 14.11 (12.50 – 15.92) |
| 5 | 9.81 (8.49 – 11.34) | 10.71 (9.14 – 12.55) |
| Not recorded | 0.18 (0.13 – 0.24) | 0.43 (0.31 – 0.59) |
| Smoking status recorded in the past year | 2.27 (2.15 – 2.41) | |
| Smoking status (latest recorded) | ||
| Current smoker | 1 | 1 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.39 (1.33 – 1.45) | 1.41 (1.34 – 1.49) |
| Never smoker | 0.70 (0.66 – 0.76) | 1.06 (0.98 – 1.16) |
| Exacerbations in the past year | ||
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1.76 (1.66 – 1.85) | 1.22 (1.15 – 1.30) |
| 2 | 2.61 (2.45 – 2.78) | 1.52 (1.42 – 1.64) |
| >2 | 4.13 (3.93 – 4.35) | 1.85 (1.74 – 1.96) |
| Inhaled therapy treatment (last 6 months) | ||
| Not on inhaled therapy | 0.44 (0.41 – 0.47) | 0.81 (0.75 – 0.88) |
| ICS | 0.45 (0.40 – 0.50) | 0.70 (0.61 – 0.80) |
| LABA | 0.59 (0.50 – 0.68) | 0.72 (0.61 – 0.85) |
| LABA & ICS | 0.88 (0.82 – 0.94) | 0.97 (0.89 – 1.05) |
| LAMA | 1 | 1 |
| LABA & LAMA | 1.54 (1.36 – 1.76) | 1.22 (1.05 – 1.40) |
| Triple therapy | 2.06 (1.93 – 2.19) | 1.39 (1.29 – 1.49) |
| Influenza vaccination | 1.94 (1.86 – 2.03) | 1.25 (1.18 – 1.32) |
Notes: Adjusted results represent odds ratios of independent predictors of PR referral included in the final model. ASevere mental illness: schizophrenia, bipolar, and other psychotic illness. BPainful condition: 4 or more prescriptions of analgesics or antiepileptics (in the absence of an epilepsy diagnosis) in the past year.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MRC, Medical Research Council; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.