Table 1. Demographic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without generalized anxiety disorder compared to the general population, 2010.
| T2DM with GAD (n=645) | T2DM without GAD (n=6,722) | GP (n=715,756) | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 63.5 (11.4) | 62.5 (13.2) | 44.5 (16.0) | 0.0636 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 20-30 | 2 (0.3) | 613 (1.0) | 150,017 (21.0) | |||
| 31-40 | 12 (1.9) | 2,404 (3.9) | 168,180 (23.5) | |||
| 41-50 | 56 (8.7) | 7,386 (12.0) | 154,120 (21.5) | |||
| 51-60 | 189 (29.3) | 16,485 (26.7) | 125,318 (17.5) | |||
| 61-70 | 187 (29.0) | 16,087 (26.1) | 59,114 (8.3) | |||
| 71-80 | 147 (22.8) | 12,686 (20.6) | 37,519 (5.2) | |||
| > 80 | 52 (8.1) | 6,061 (9.8) | 21,488 (3.0) | 0.0008 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 224 (34.7) | 31,043 (50.3) | 345,736 (48.3) | |||
| Female | 421 (65.3) | 30,679 (49.7) | 370,020 (51.7) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northern | 300 (46.5) | 28,177 (45.7) | 343,067 (47.9) | |||
| Central | 166 (25.7) | 14,208 (23.0) | 167,093 (23.3) | |||
| Southern | 163 (25.3) | 17,035 (27.6) | 183,341 (25.6) | |||
| Eastern | 15 (2.3) | 1,681 (2.7) | 16,174 (2.3) | |||
| Offshore islets and other | 1 (0.2) | 621 (1.0) | 6,081 (0.8) | 0.0776 | 0.2351 | < 0.0001 |
| Urbanization | ||||||
| Rural | 296 (45.9) | 30,146 (48.8) | 335,594 (46.9) | |||
| Urban | 349 (54.1) | 31,576 (51.2) | 380,162 (53.1) | 0.1359 | 0.6127 | < 0.0001 |
| Income (in NTD) | ||||||
| ≤ 17,280 | 223 (34.6) | 22,413 (36.3) | 425,699 (59.5) | |||
| 17,281-22,880 | 303 (47.0) | 25,573 (41.4) | 172,793 (24.1) | |||
| 22,881-28,800 | 31 (4.8) | 3,098 (5.0) | 29,330 (4.1) | |||
| 28,801-36,300 | 23 (3.6) | 3,712 (6.0) | 32,903 (4.6) | |||
| 36,301-45,800 | 35 (5.4) | 3,352 (5.4) | 26,840 (3.7) | |||
| > 45,800 | 30 (4.7) | 3,574 (5.8) | 28,191 (3.9) | 0.0221 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 19 (2.9) | 1,160 (1.9) | 2,283 (0.3) | 0.0479 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 98 (15.2) | 6,380 (10.3) | 14,821 (2.1) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 69 (10.7) | 4,561 (7.4) | 12,673 (1.8) | 0.0014 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 16 (2.5) | 1,889 (3.1) | 7,090 (1.0) | 0.3946 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Renal disease | 50 (7.8) | 5,173 (8.4) | 11,229 (1.6) | 0.5661 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 167 (25.9) | 12,402 (20.1) | 30,465 (4.3) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Depression | 208 (32.2) | 2,330 (3.8) | 16,283 (2.3) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.8) | 1.9 (1.8) | 0.7 (1.2) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| CCI | ||||||
| 0 | 91 (14.1) | 14,286 (23.1) | 448,300 (62.6) | |||
| ≥ 1 | 554 (85.9) | 47,436 (76.9) | 267,456 (37.4) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | ||||||
| ≤ 3 | 182 (28.2) | 16,940 (27.4) | ||||
| 3-6 | 105 (16.3) | 10,737 (17.4) | ||||
| 6-9 | 109 (16.9) | 11,604 (18.8) | ||||
| > 9 | 249 (38.6) | 22,441 (36.4) | 0.4385 |
Data presented as n (%), unless otherwise specified.
Comorbidities and CCI for each comorbidity were defined as ≥ 3 outpatient claims each.
CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; GP = general population; NTD = New Taiwan dollar; P1 = T2DM with GAD vs. T2DM without GAD; P2 = T2DM with GAD vs. GP; P3 = T2DM without GAD vs. GP; SD = standard deviation; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.