Table 2. Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and the prevalence ratio of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2010.
| T2DM | GP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GAD | At risk population | Prevalence % (95%CI) | GAD | At risk population | Prevalence % (95%CI) | T2DM vs. GP PR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Total (overall) | 645 | 62,367 | 1.03 (0.96-1.12) | 4,542 | 715,756 | 0.63 (0.62-0.65) | 1.63 (1.50-1.77) | < 0.0001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 20-30 | 2 | 615 | 0.33 (0.08-1.30) | 329 | 150,017 | 0.22 (0.20-0.24) | 1.48 (0.37-5.94) | 0.5780 |
| 31-40 | 12 | 2,416 | 0.50 (0.28-0.87) | 734 | 168,180 | 0.44 (0.41-0.47) | 1.14 (0.64-2.01) | 0.6560 |
| 41-50 | 56 | 7,442 | 0.75 (0.58-0.98) | 1,039 | 154,120 | 0.67 (0.63-0.72) | 1.12 (0.85-1.46) | 0.4212 |
| 51-60 | 189 | 16,674 | 1.13 (0.98-1.31) | 1,132 | 125,318 | 0.90 (0.85-0.96) | 1.25 (1.08-1.46) | 0.0037 |
| 61-70 | 187 | 16,274 | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 686 | 59,114 | 1.16 (1.08-1.25) | 0.99 (0.84-1.16) | 0.9042 |
| 71-80 | 147 | 12,833 | 1.15 (0.97-1.35) | 435 | 37,519 | 1.16 (1.06-1.27) | 0.99 (0.82-1.19) | 0.8986 |
| > 80 | 52 | 6,113 | 0.85 (0.65-1.12) | 187 | 21,488 | 0.87 (0.75-1.00) | 0.98 (0.72-1.33) | 0.8839 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Males | 224 | 31,267 | 0.72 (0.63-0.82) | 1,537 | 345,736 | 0.44 (0.42-0.47) | 1.61 (1.40-1.85) | < 0.0001 |
| Females | 421 | 31,100 | 1.35 (1.23-1.49) | 3,005 | 370,020 | 0.81 (0.78-0.84) | 1.67 (1.51-1.84) | < 0.0001 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Northern | 300 | 28,477 | 1.05 (0.94-1.18) | 2,332 | 343,067 | 0.68 (0.65-0.71) | 1.55 (1.38-1.75) | < 0.0001 |
| Central | 166 | 14,374 | 1.15 (0.99-1.34) | 1,045 | 167,093 | 0.63 (0.59-0.66) | 1.85 (1.57-2.17) | < 0.0001 |
| Southern | 163 | 17,198 | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 1,038 | 183,341 | 0.57 (0.53-0.60) | 1.67 (1.42-1.97) | < 0.0001 |
| Eastern | 15 | 1,696 | 0.88 (0.53-1.47) | 97 | 16,174 | 0.60 (0.49-0.73) | 1.47 (0.86-2.53) | 0.1597 |
| Offshore islets and other | 1 | 622 | 0.16 (0.02-1.14) | 30 | 6,081 | 0.49 (0.34-0.71) | 0.33 (0.04-2.39) | 0.2696 |
| Urbanization | ||||||||
| Rural | 296 | 30,442 | 0.97 (0.87-1.09) | 1,949 | 335,594 | 0.58 (0.56-0.61) | 1.67 (1.48-1.89) | < 0.0001 |
| Urban | 349 | 31,925 | 1.09 (0.98-1.21) | 2,593 | 380,162 | 0.68 (0.66-0.71) | 1.60 (1.43-1.79) | < 0.0001 |
| Income (in NTD) | ||||||||
| ≤ 17,280 | 223 | 22,636 | 0.99 (0.86-1.12) | 2,152 | 425,699 | 0.51 (0.48-0.53) | 1.95 (1.70-2.24) | < 0.0001 |
| 17,281-22,880 | 303 | 25,876 | 1.17 (1.05-1.31) | 1,574 | 172,793 | 0.91 (0.87-0.96) | 1.29 (1.14-1.45) | < 0.0001 |
| 22,881-28,800 | 31 | 3,129 | 0.99 (0.70-1.41) | 200 | 29,330 | 0.68 (0.59-0.78) | 1.45 (1.00-2.12) | 0.0518 |
| 28,801-36,300 | 23 | 3,735 | 0.62 (0.41-0.93) | 226 | 32,903 | 0.69 (0.60-0.78) | 0.90 (0.58-1.37) | 0.6166 |
| 36,301-45,800 | 35 | 3,387 | 1.03 (0.74-1.44) | 188 | 26,840 | 0.70 (0.61-0.81) | 1.48 (1.03-2.11) | 0.0338 |
| > 45,800 | 30 | 3,604 | 0.83 (0.58-1.19) | 202 | 28,191 | 0.72 (0.62-0.82) | 1.16 (0.79-1.70) | 0.4418 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 19 | 1,179 | 1.61 (1.03-2.53) | 32 | 2,283 | 1.40 (0.99-1.98) | 1.15 (0.65-2.02) | 0.6273 |
| Congestive heart failure | 98 | 6,478 | 1.51 (1.24-1.84) | 242 | 14,821 | 1.63 (1.44-1.85) | 0.93 (0.73-1.17) | 0.5205 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 69 | 4,630 | 1.49 (1.18-1.89) | 199 | 12,673 | 1.57 (1.37-1.80) | 0.95 (0.72-1.25) | 0.7061 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 16 | 1,905 | 0.84 (0.51-1.37) | 84 | 7,090 | 1.18 (0.96-1.47) | 0.71 (0.42-1.21) | 0.2052 |
| Renal disease | 50 | 5,223 | 0.96 (0.73-1.26) | 155 | 11,229 | 1.38 (1.18-1.62) | 0.69 (0.51-0.95) | 0.0237 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 167 | 12,569 | 1.33 (1.14-1.55) | 485 | 30,465 | 1.59 (1.46-1.74) | 0.83 (0.70-0.99) | 0.0424 |
| Depression | 208 | 2,538 | 8.20 (7.15-9.39) | 1,462 | 16,283 | 8.98 (8.53-9.45) | 0.91 0.79-1.05) | 0.1984 |
| CCI | ||||||||
| 0 | 91 | 14,377 | 0.63 (0.52-0.78) | 1,503 | 448,300 | 0.34 (0.32-0.35) | 1.89 (1.53-2.33) | < 0.0001 |
| ≥ 1 | 554 | 47,990 | 1.15 (1.06-1.25) | 3,039 | 267,456 | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | 1.02 (0.93-1.11) | 0.7301 |
| Antidiabetic therapy | ||||||||
| No* | 186 | 11,622 | 1.60 (1.39-1.85) | 4,542 | 715,756 | 0.63 (0.62-0.65) | 2.52 (2.18-2.92) | < 0.0001 |
| Yes† | 459 | 50,745 | 0.90 (0.83-0.99) | 4,542 | 715,756 | 0.63 (0.62-0.65) | 1.43 (1.30-1.57) | < 0.0001 |
Data presented as n, unless otherwise specified.
Comorbidities, CCI for each comorbidity, and antidiabetic therapy were defined as ≥ 3 outpatient claims each.
PR with 95%CI was estimated with generalized linear mixed models, assuming a Poisson distribution.
PR with 95%CI was estimated with a log-binomial model.
95%CI = 95% confidence interval; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; GP = general population; NTD = New Taiwan dollar; PR = prevalence ratio; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.
*
T2DM patients without antidiabetic therapy compared to the GP.
†
T2DM patients with antidiabetic therapy compared to the GP.