Table 2.

Descriptive statistics of dependent variables on rural livelihoods (percentages).

Livelihood decisions	Full sample (N=993)		Lower wealth (N₁=309)		Medium wealth (N₂=347)		Higher wealth (N₃=337)		Mean difference between groups			One-way ANOVA ^a

	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Lower vs. Medium	Lower vs. Higher	Medium vs. Higher	Sig.
Labor allocation
On-farm work
Agricultural work on own land	54.41	47.5	63.49	45.98	53.92	47.07	46.58	48.01	0.10^***	0.17^***	0.07^**	0.000^***
Off-farm work
Local business	6.13	23.04	3.59	18.1	5.88	22.16	8.72	27.36	−2.29	−5.13^***	−2.84	0.018^**
Local paid work	20.7	37.92	17.09	34.97	22.65	39.27	22.01	38.97	−5.57^*	−4.92^*	0.65	0.127
Out-migration employment	18.76	38.6	15.83	36.3	17.54	37.35	22.69	41.58	−1.72	−6.86^**	−5.15^*	0.060^*
Land Use
Renting in land (net)	17.12	37.69	21.36	41.05	16.43	37.11	13.95	34.69	4.93^*	7.41^**	2.48	0.040^**
Stabilization	29.51	45.63	27.18	44.56	30.55	46.13	30.56	46.14	−3.36	−3.38	−0.02	0.560
Renting out land (net)	19.03	39.28	14.89	35.65	18.16	38.60	23.74	42.61	−3.27	−8.85^***	−5.58^*	0.014^**
Abandonment	34.34	47.51	36.57	48.24	34.87	47.72	31.75	46.62	1.70	4.82	3.12	0.423

Note:

One-way ANOVA analysis for differences in means of livelihood decisions between groups at different wealth levels.

^***

p<0.01

^**

p<0.05

p<0.10, same in other tables and figures.