Table 2.

Themes representing pain-related behaviors.

Themes (activity attributes)	Participant-reported pain	Nursing report of participants’ behaviors	Sensors informing themes	Meaningful sensor combinations	Sensor type
Sleep (rhythm, length, location, quality)	Neck, leg, knee, hip pain	“slept in,” “moved to recliner,” “increased nap time,” “awake in night”	General bedroom, bed, recliner	<Bed-Toilet>, <Recliner-Toilet>, <Bed-Recliner>, <Bed-Bedroom>, <Bed-Kitchen>	Passive infrared (PIR)
Walking (speed, rests, breaks)	Fall, leg, knee, hip pain; chest pain	“shortness of breath,” “resting more frequently when walking”	Bedroom, bed, recliner, toilet, hallway	<Recliner-Toilet>, <Bed-Toilet>, <Hallway-Hallway>	PIR
Grooming (done, not done)	Fall, abdominal pain	“has not showered for 2 days,”a “help with grooming”	Bathroom, bathroom sink	<General Bathroom Area-Bathroom Sink> (Quantity and duration)	PIR
Time spent out of home	Fall, neck, leg, knee, abdominal pain	“didn’t go to Bridge night,” “didn’t go shopping”	Main entry	<Main Entry-Hallway>, <Absence of sensor events>	Magnetic contact (door use)
Visitors (Social, health workers)	Fall, neck, leg, abdominal pain	“now has home health,” “caregiver at bedtime,” “daughter visit for 3 daysa to help”	General living room, recliner, kitchen sink, hallway, bathroom sink	Any 2 sensors with virtually concurrent ON signals (<0.01 seconds apart) located greater than 10 feet apart	PIR
Overall activity level (in 24 hours)	Fall; leg, hip, abdominal pain; chest pain	“didn’t attend exercise class,” “didn’t feel like doing much, just laid on sofa,” “mostly in bed for 2 days”a	All sensors	Total number of sensor events in 24 hours, room activity length and variety; account for time out of home	PIR, magnetic contact (door use)

^aNursing record contained actual dates of participant-reported pain events.