Table 5.

Beta regressions estimating the effect of user characteristics on user engagement (user activity ratio) for (partly) automated modules.

User characteristics			App module
			Exercise (n=1579; average UARa=67 days)						BGb readings (n=5015; average UAR=13 days)							CGMc (n=559; average UAR=99 days)
			MEd	P value			Days	ME		P value		Days			ME		P value		Days
Sociodemographic
	Gender (reference=male)
		Female	0.059		.003	10.62		−0.019			<.001		−3.42	−0.082				.02		−14.76
		Unknown	0.006		.80	10.80		−0.024			<.001		−4.32	−0.058				.15		−10.44
	Age (reference=30-40 years)
		Below 30 years	−0.067		.009	−12.06		0.002			.54		0.36	−0.026				.58		−4.68
		40-50 years	−0.008		.68	−1.44		0.007			.004		1.26	0.035				.39		6.30
		50-60 years	0.004		.85	0.72		0.015			<.001		2.70	0.022				.57		3.96
		60-70 years	0.040		.09	7.20		0.018			<.001		3.24	0.008				.87		1.44
		Above 70 years	0.032		.39	5.76		0.033			<.001		5.94	0.090				.14		16.20
		Unknown	−0.078		.37	−14.04		0.002			.77		0.36	0.068				.15		12.24
BMI (reference=normal)
	Underweight (BMI<18.5)		0.180	.64			32.4	−0.021		.30		−3.78			0.081		.54		14.58
	Overweight (25≤BMI<30)		0.019	.63			3.42	−0.002		.72		−0.36			0.039		.40		7.02
	Obese (30≤BMI)		0.003	.93			0.54	−0.004		.53		−0.72			0.007		.88		1.26
	Unknown		−0.002	.94			−0.36	−0.008		.20		−1.44			0.050		.29		9.00
Diagnosis
	Type (reference=type 1 diabetes)
		Type 2 diabetes	−0.006		.80	−1.08		0.003			.28		0.54	−0.024				.55		−4.32
		Prediabetes	−0.033		.36	−5.94		−0.003			.61		−0.54	−0.216				.12		−38.88
		Other	−0.038		.31	−6.84		0.006			.27		1.08	−0.071				.63		−12.78
		Unknown	0.022		.55	3.96		0.046			<.001		8.28	0.058				.62		10.44
	Recently diagnosed (reference=no)
		Yes	−0.021		.22	−3.78		0.005			.006		0.90	0.059				.045		11.34
		Unknown	0.013		.75	2.34		0.005			.42		0.90	0.204				.17		36.72
Disease status
	Treatment (reference=noninsulin)
		Insulin treatment	−0.005		.76	−0.90		−0.006			.002		−1.08	0.100				.13		18.00
		Unknown	−0.035		.27	−6.30		0.000			.98		0.00	−0.167				.14		−30.06
	BG in control (reference=no)
		Yes	−0.014		.49	−2.52		0.001			.43		0.18	−0.029				.61		−5.22
		Unknown	−0.045		.02	−8.10		−0.031			<.001		−5.58	−0.036				.31		−6.48
Usage
	Number of modules used		0.029	<.001			5.22	0.015		<.001		2.70			−0.002		.88		−0.36

^aUAR: user activity ratio.

^bBG: blood glucose.

^cCGM: continuous glucose monitoring.

^dME: marginal effect reflecting the change in the outcome as the continuous variable changes by one unit (from 0 to 1 for categorical variables).