Table 2.
Sleep characteristics before and after DBS.
| Study | DBS target | Sleep measure | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iranzo et al. (2002) [49] | STN | PSG, clinical interview, PSQI | PSQI showed significant improvement. PSG showed more continuous sleep. |
| Hjort et al. (2004) [116] | STN | Parkinson Disease Sleep Scale | Improves sleep quality mainly due to motor improvement |
| Cicolin et al. (2004) [48] | STN | PSG | Improvement in sleep architecture but not PLM or RBD |
| Baumann-Vogel et al. (2017) [82] | STN | PSG, ESS, Zurich sleep questionnaire | DBS reduced sleepiness and improved some PSG parameters but did not normalise sleep. |
| Tolleson et al. (2016) [84] | GPi | PSG | No effect on sleep parameters |
| Lim et al. (2009) [86] | PPN | PSG | DBS ‘on’ increased REM time compared to DBS ‘off’ |
| Arnulf et al. (2010) [85] | PPN | Behavioural | Low frequency stimulation led to arousal whereas high frequency stimulation led to REM sleep |
Abbreviations: ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), GPi (globus pallidus internus), PLM (periodic limb movements), PPN (pedunculopontine nucleus), PSG (polysomnography), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), RBD (REM behaviour disorder), STN (subthalamic nucleus).