Table 3.

Sleep disturbance in disorders affecting the basal ganglia.

Disease	Basal ganglia involvement	Associated sleep disorders
Parkinson disease [36,88]	Nigrostriatal degeneration	Nocturnal awakening
		Sleep fragmentation
		Periodic limb movements/RLS
		REM behaviour disorder (RBD)
		Obstructive sleep apnoea
		Excessive daytime sleepiness
Huntington's disease [117]	Striatal degeneration	Nocturnal awakening
		Increased nocturnal movements
		RWA, PLM, RBD reported in a minority of patients
Progressive supranuclear palsy [118]	Neuronal loss and gliosis	Nocturnal awakening
		RBD reported in a minority of patients
Wilson's disease [119]	Copper deposition	Excessive daytime sleepiness
		Poor nocturnal sleep
		Cataplexy-like episodes
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) [120]	Iron deposition	Reduced total sleep time

Abbreviations: PLM (periodic limb movements), RBD (REM behaviour disorder), RLS (restless legs syndrome), RWA (REM without atonia).