Figure 1.

Restraint stress restricts gestational weight gain. The study design is depicted in (a). While body weight gain (b) positively correlated with litter size regardless of treatment (NS: R² = 0.27, p = 0.01; S: R² = 0.34, p = 0.001; linear regression slope comparison, p = 0.71), linear regression y-intercepts differed across treatment groups (p = 0.04), reflecting a reduced weight gain from GD0 to GD16 with stress. This is further reflected when weight gain is normalized to litter size, revealing a (c) decreased weight gain per pup in the stressed group. Data are mean ± SEM. NS = non-stressed; n = 22, S = stressed; n = 27. *p < 0.05.