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Small pancreas in patients with T1D. Lack of insulin may affect exocrine pancreatic volume as a growth factor. Functional islets in healthy patients (left) are integrated with the exocrine pancreas, providing sufficient insulin for normal growth and function. In patients with T1D (right), β-cells are lost, and insulin perfusion in the exocrine tissue is reduced with decreased exocrine and whole-pancreas volume. PP, pancreatic polypeptide.
