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. 2020 Nov 20;18:171. doi: 10.1186/s12915-020-00909-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Differentially expressed genes between extracted tetraploid wheat (ETW, AABB) and natural hexaploid wheat (NHW, AABBDD). a Diagram for producing ETW from NHW, modified from those of [13, 14]. The hybrid (AABBD) between NHW and NTW was backcrossed with NHW for nine generations, followed by selfing for three generations to select AABB genotype, which was selfed for additonal five generations to maintain genome stability. The resynthesized hexaploid was made between ETW (AABB) and DD and self-pollinated for five generaitons. b Mature seed morphology of T. durum, Ae. tauschii, NHW, ETW, and resynthesized hexaploid wheat (RHW, AABBDD). Scale bar = 1 cm. c Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ETW and NHW, with the majority (blue) restored and fewer not restored (yellow) in RHW. d Gene ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs. The circle color and size indicate P value and gene number, respectively (hypergeometric test, P < 0.05). e, f Heatmaps showing expression levels (fragment per kiobase per million, FPKM) of MADS-box genes (e) and starch biosynthetic genes (f) in ETW, NHW, and RHW