Table 1.
Confounders of cardioprotection by ischaemic conditioning in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery
| a literature overview | Confounder | Cardioprotection by | Number of patients | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute myocardial infarction | |||||
| Risk factors/co‐morbidities | |||||
| Retrospective | Age (<70/>70 years) | — | RIC | 48/23 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Meta‐analysis | Age (>62 years) | ↓ | PoCo | 560 (total) | Zhou et al., 2012 |
| Retrospective | Age (>65 years) | ↓ | PoCo | 80/35 | Darling et al., 2007 |
| Retrospective | Sex (male/female) | — | RIC | 57/14 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Smoking (yes/no) | ↓ a | RIC | 34/37 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Obesity/body mass index (<25/≥25 kg·m−2) | — | RIC | 27/44 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Hyperlipidaemia (yes/no) | — | RIC | 30/29 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Hypertension (yes/no) | — | RIC | 32/39 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Pre‐specified | Diabetes (yes/no) | — | RIC | 4/44 | Crimi et al., 2013 |
| Retrospective | Diabetes (yes/no) | — | RIC | 6/65 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Pre‐infarction angina (yes/no) | — | RIC | 54/55 | Pryds, Bøttcher, et al., 2016 |
| Co‐medications | |||||
| Retrospective | ACE inhibitors (yes/no) | — | RIC | 14/55 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | ARBs(yes/no) | — | RIC | 10/59 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | β‐blockers (yes/no) | — | RIC | 11/58 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Calcium channel blockers (yes/no) | — | RIC | 7/62 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Statins (yes/no) | ↑ a | RIC | 12/59 | Sloth et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Opioids (yes/no) | — | RIC | 26/22 | Crimi et al., 2013 |
| Prospective | Morphine (yes/no) | — | RIC | 33/33 | Rentoukas et al., 2010 |
| Pre‐specified | Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (yes/no) | — | RIC + PoCo | 57/175 | Eitel et al., 2015 |
| Peri‐procedural determinants | |||||
| Prospective | Collateral perfusion/collateral blood flow | — | IPC | 18/18 | Argaud et al., 2004 |
| Retrospective | Collateral perfusion/collateral blood flow | — | RIC | 43/40 | Pryds, Bøttcher, et al., 2016 |
| Retrospective | Duration of chest pain (<5 hr) | ↓ | RIC | 38/28 | Pryds, Bøttcher, et al., 2016 |
| Pre‐specified | Direct stenting (yes/no) | — | RIC + PoCo | 170/62 | Eitel et al., 2015 |
| Pre‐specified | thrombectomy (yes/no) | — | RIC + PoCo | 152/80 | Eitel et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Thrombectomy (yes/no) | ↓ a | PoCo | 326/291 | Nepper‐Christensen et al., 2019 |
| Cardiovascular surgery | |||||
| Risk factors/co‐morbidities | |||||
| Retrospective | Age (≤63/64–72/ ≥73 years) | — | RIC | 59/49/54 | Kleinbongard et al., 2016 |
| Retrospective | Sex (male/female) | — | RIC | 269/60 | Kleinbongard et al., 2016 |
| Exploratory | Diabetes (yes/no) | — | RIC | 39/29 | Kottenberg, Thielmann, et al., 2014 |
| Co‐medications | |||||
| Meta‐analysis | β‐blockers (yes/no) | ↓ | RIC | 1155 (total) | Zhou et al., 2013 |
| Retrospective | β‐blockers (yes/no) | — | RIC | 227/102 | Kleinbongard et al., 2016 |
| Retrospective | Sulphonylureas (yes/no) | ↓ | RIC | 16/100 | Kottenberg, Thielmann, et al., 2014 |
| Peri‐procedural determinants | |||||
| Prospective | Propofol/isoflurane | ↓ | RIC | 14/20 | Kottenberg et al., 2012 |
| Meta‐analysis | Propofol/volatile anaesthesia | ↓ | RIC | 902/751 | Zangrillo et al., 2015 |
| Prospective | Nitroglycerin (yes/no) | ↓ | RIC | 53/36 | Candilio et al., 2015 |
| Retrospective | Nitroglycerin (yes/no) | — | RIC | 16/20 | Kleinbongard et al., 2013 |
| Retrospective | Cross‐clamp time (≤56 min) | ↓ | RIC | 50/59/53 | Kleinbongard et al., 2016 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARBs, AT1 receptor blockers ; IPC, local ischaemic preconditioning; PoCo, local ischaemic postconditioning; RIC, remote ischaemic conditioning.
a
Non‐significant effect.