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. 2020 Nov 18;8:e10358. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10358

Table 5. Nutrient composition of fermented Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FMOLM) and unfermented Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM), as DM basis.

Item	MOLM	FMOLM
CP, %	21.12 ± 0.89^b	30.19 ± 1.11^a
TCP-SP, %	5.40 ± 0.04^b	6.55 ± 0.03^a
Small peptide, %	5.29 ± 0.01^b	6.34 ± 0.04^a
NDF, %	51.62 ± 2.79^b	57.32 ± 1.72^a
ADF, %	37.93 ± 2.01	34.95 ± 5.26
Hemicellulose, %	13.57 ± 2.63^b	22.15 ± 1.34^a
Cellulose, %	25.37 ± 4.09	21.50 ± 2.39
Lignin, %	10.44 ± 2.02	10.55 ± 2.27
CF, %	27.35 ± 1.14^a	25.17 ± 1.05^b
EE, %	4.68 ± 0.11	4.42 ± 0.23
Ash, %	8.05 ± 0.44^b	10.13 ± 0.32^a
Ca, %	0.90 ± 0.01	1.14 ± 0.11
P, %	0.22 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.01
IVPD, %	42.86 ± 0.23^b	65.05 ± 0.89^a
Total sugar, %	13.41 ± 1.92^a	7.19 ± 1.30^b
Reducing sugar, %	0.88 ± 0.20^a	0.19 ± 0.12^b
Tannin, mg/g	8.39 ± 1.19^a	3.63 ± 0.71^b
Phytic acid, %	5.94 ± 0.07^a	3.61 ± 0.01^b
Indispensable AA, %
Arg	0.70 ± 0.10	0.75 ± 0.07
His	0.24 ± 0.05^b	0.29 ± 0.08^a
Ile	0.49 ± 0.09^b	0.65 ± 0.07^a
Leu	1.14 ± 0.22	1.38 ± 0.28
Lys	0.66 ± 0.10	0.59 ± 0.13
Phe	0.69 ± 0.18	0.85 ± 0.25
Thr	0.67 ± 0.10^b	0.81 ± 0.17^a
Val	0.67 ± 0.10^b	0.86 ± 0.10^a
Trp	0.33 ± 0.15^b	0.43 ± 0.13^a
Dispensable AA, %
Ala	0.92 ± 0.06	1.07 ± 0.13
Asp	1.39 ± 0.15^b	1.62 ± 0.26^a
Cys	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.02^a
Glu	1.67 ± 0.42	1.85 ± 0.57
Gly	0.78 ± 0.16	0.85 ± 0.34
Pro	0.65 ± 0.03	0.78 ± 0.02
Ser	0.68 ± 0.11	0.82 ± 0.20
Tyr	0.37 ± 0.09^b	0.45 ± 0.12^a
Total AA	12.12 ± 1.94^b	14.11 ± 2.28^a

Notes.

Values are means of three replicates per treatment.

Different superscript letters indicate significate differences at P < 0.05 in the row.