Fig. 3.

The atypical manifestation and prognosis of COVID-19-associated GBS. The results revealed that following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients can experience GBS with or without developing COVID-19 symptoms. The GBS can manifest as a para-infectious profile, characterized by onset of symptoms during active SARS-CoV-2 infection and a COVID-19-GBS symptom overlap, while the post-infectious profile involves onset of GBS symptoms after recovering from the COVID-19. However, some of the post-infectious profile patients may still test positive for SARS-COV-2 at the onset of GBS symptoms. The outcome ranged from mild to severe GBS symptoms, requiring admission into intensive care units, mechanical ventilation, prolonged stay in hospital, or discharge with severe residual or permanent disability, with the para-infectious profile having a higher likelihood for poor functional outcomes, due to the COVID-19-GBS symptom overlap