Table 3.

The neurological manifestations of COVID-19-associated GBS

Subtype	Neuromuscular symptoms	Sensory symptoms	Autonomic dysfunction	Neurophysiological features
AIDP (65.23%)	• Ascending quadriparesis	• Anosmia and ageusia	• Voiding dysfunction	• Delayed or prolonged distal motor latencies
	• Areflexia	• Dysesthesia/paresthesia	• Constipation	• Reduced muscle action potential amplitude
	• Impaired movement	• Vibratory and proprioceptive loss	• Respiratory failure	• Reduced motor conduction velocities
	• Facial palsy/diplegia	• Lost light touch and pinprick sensation	• Dysphagia	• Absent sensory nerve action potentials
	• Oropharyngeal/hypoglossal palsy	• Stocking-and-glove hypesthesia	• Irregular heartbeat	• Conduction blocks
	• Ophthalmoparesis	• Distal allodynia	• Increased blood pressure	• Absent F waves
	• Psychomotor agitation	• Low back and/or thoracic pain	• Multiple organ failure	• Absent H-reflex
	• Fatigue	• Headache	• Hypotension/hypertension	• A sural sparing pattern
	• Decreased muscle tone	• Confusion		• Brainstem and cervical meningeal enhancement
	• Ascending quadriplegia/paraplegia	• Dizziness		• Cranial neuritis (in nerves III, V, VI, VII, and VIII)
		• Loss of consciousness		• Radiculitis & plexitis on the brachial & lumbar plexus
MFS (6.52%)	• Hyporeflexia or areflexia	• Anosmia and ageusia	• Dysphagia	• Enhancement with lesion of cranial nerve (CN) III
	• Ataxia	• Paresthesia
	• Facial palsy	• Sensory loss/numbness
	• Ophthalmoparesis	• Blurry vision/double vision
	• Oculomotor palsy	• Dizziness on walking
	• Pupillary dysfunction	• Headache
	• Eyelid ptosis
	• Impaired eye movement
	• Hypoglossal palsy
	• Dysphonia
AIDP-MFS (6.52%)	• Overlap of AIPD & MFS symptoms
AMSAN (15.23%)	• Ascending quadriparesis	• Paresthesia	• Gastroplegia	• Reduced muscle action potential amplitude
	• Quadriplegia/paraplegia	• Vibratory and Light touch loss	• Respiratory failure	• Absent sensory nerve action potential
	• Facial paresis or palsy	• Neck or mastoid pain	• Dysphagia	• Decrease in facial nerve cMAP amplitude
	• Areflexia	• Sensory ataxia		• Reduced sensory action potential amplitudes
	• Ataxia			• Reduced motor action potential amplitudes
	• Hypoglossal palsy			• Bilateral facial nerve enhancement
				• Enhanced caudal nerve roots
AMAN (2.17%)	• Progressive tetraparesis		• Tachycardia	• Reduced compound motor action potentials
	• Tachycardia		• Absent heart rate variability
	• Absent heart rate variability		• Dysphagia
PNC (2.17%)	• Diplopia	• Ageusia
	• Abducens nerve palsy
	• Areflexia
FDBR*(2.17%)	• Bilateral facial nerve palsy
	• Unresponsive blink reflex

AIDP acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, AMSAN acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, MFS Miller-Fisher syndrome, AMAN acute motor axonal neuropathy, PNC polyneuritis cranialis, FDBR* facial diplegia without blink reflex