Table 5.
Within and between-group changes from baseline (T1) to pre-surgery (T2)
| Outcome | Intervention | Usual care | Mean difference in changes between groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Baselinea | Pre-surgerya | Mean difference (95% CI) | n | Baselinea | Pre-surgerya | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI)c | Effect size (Klauer’s d) | |
| BMIb | 21 | 30.1 (3.77) | 29.66 (4.01) | − 0.44 (1.65, 0.77) | 8 | 31.07 (3.57) | 30.03 (3.93) | − 1.04 (− 3.50 to 1.41) | 0.60 (− 1.73 to 2.93) | 0.16 |
| Waist-to-hip ratiob | 21 | 0.91 (0.10) | 0.89 (0.10) | − 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.01) | 8 | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.09) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.04) | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.02) | − 0.36 |
| SPPB total points (0–12) | 21 | 6.95 (3.09) | 7.67 (2.97) | 0.71 (0.07, 1.36) | 8 | 6.75 (2.31) | 7.13 (2.70) | 0.38 (− 0.88, 1.63) | 0.34 (− 0.89, 1.57) | 0.11 |
| MOST Total (min.d−1) | 21 | 479.66 (141.00) | 463.31 (182.53) | − 16.35 (− 107.48, 74.78) | 9 | 623.65 (186.17) | 502.14 (179.70) | − 121.51 (− 251.56, 8.55) | 105.16 (− 51.42, 261.73) | 0.71 |
| Sedentary time (min.d−1) | 19 | 607.49 (132.62) | 575.23 (84.27) | − 31.26 (− 87.42, 24.89) | 6 | 557.28 (83.01) | 562.08 (112.89) | 4.80 (− 90.42, 100.02) | − 36.06 (− 144.00, 71.87) | − 0.25 |
| Upright time (min.d−1) | 19 | 322.06 (117.22) | 327.89 (120.59) | 5.83 (− 25.15, 36.81) | 6 | 326.90 (105.63) | 338.13 (135.87) | 11.22 (− 42.37, 64.82) | − 5.40 (− 65.11, 54.32) | − 0.04 |
| Sleeping time (min.d−1) | 19 | 509.74 (112.39) | 511.15 (117.91) | 1.42 (− 39.52, 42.35) | 6 | 550.78 (76.37) | 495.26 (79.51) | − 55.52 (− 159.51, 48.48) | 56.93 (− 28.51, 142.38) | 0.53 |
| Steps per day | 19 | 4949.26 (3732.46) | 5060.05 (3967.73) | 110.79 (− 591.39, 812.97) | 6 | 3811.17 (617.63) | 3743.17 (1422.46) | − 68.00 (− 1560.67, 1424.67) | 178.79 (− 1225.32, 1582.90) | 0.03 |
| Time spent in sedentary bouts > 30 (min.d−1) | 19 | 314.20 (164.69) | 310.68 (127.27) | − 3.52 (− 74.51, 67.46) | 6 | 350.89 (103.67) | 331.41 (107.14) | − 19.49 (− 108.22, 69.25) | 15.96 (− 115.90, 147.83) | 0.07 |
| Time spent in sedentary bouts > 60 (min.d−1) | 19 | 173.44 (154.82) | 173.38 (85.83) | − 0.07 (− 69.14, 69.00) | 6 | 232.00 (101.49) | 199.59 (96.70) | − 32.41 (− 91.56, 26.74) | 32.35 (− 93.07, 157.77) | 0.11 |
| Sit-to-stand transitions | 19 | 41.95 (17.28) | 37.95 (11.57) | − 4.00 (− 9.10, 1.10) | 6 | 33.33 (11.72) | 34.17 (9.22) | 0.83 (− 6.95, 8.61) | − 4.83 (− 14.50, 4.83) | − 0.19 |
| Oxford Hip/Knee Score (0–48) | 21 | 20.52 (7.69) | 22.67 (8.56) | 2.14 (− 1.11, 5.39) | 8 | 18.00 (9.83) | 19.50 (9.46) | 1.50 (− 4.38, 7.38) | 0.64 (− 5.42, 6.70) | 0.06 |
| EQ-5D-5L Mobility (1–5) | 21 | 1.86 (1.01) | 2.91 (1.00) | 1.05 (0.43, 1.67)** | 9 | 1.67 (1.12) | 3.22 (0.67) | 1.56 (0.40, 2.72)** | − 0.51 (− 1.65, 0.64) | − 0.53 |
| EQ-5D-5L Pain (1–5) | 21 | 2.00 (1.30) | 3.33 (0.91) | 1.33 (0.58, 2.09)** | 9 | 2.11 (1.27) | 3.33 (1.00) | 1.22 (− 1.0, 2.54)** | 0.11 (− 1.25, 1.48) | 0.09 |
| EQ-5D-5L anxiety (1–5) | 21 | 3.14 (1.24) | 1.38 (0.59) | − 1.76 (− 2.34, − 1.19)** | 9 | 3.33 (1.33) | 2.22 (1.30) | − 1.11 (− 2.16, − 0.06)** | − 0.65 (− 1.71, 0.40) | − 0.83 |
| EQ-VAS (0–100) | 21 | 67.57 (21.14) | 72.86 (17.36) | 5.29 (− 4.97, 15.54) | 9 | 60.56 (18.78) | 59.44 (13.57) | − 1.11 (− 11.94, 9.72) | 6.40 (− 10.32, 23.11) | 0.48 |
| BPNS autonomy score (0–7) b | 21 | 5.91 (0.96) | 6.07 (0.74) | 0.16 (− 0.26, 0.58) | 9 | 4.89 (1.12) | 5.18 (1.32) | 0.29 (− 1.02, 1.60) | − 0.13 (− 1.11, 0.84) | − 0.07 |
| BPNS competence score (0–7) b | 21 | 4.64 (1.13) | 4.67 (0.96) | 0.03 (− 0.51, 0.57) | 9 | 4.13 (1.12) | 4.13 (1.16) | 0.00 (− 0.86, 0.86) | 0.03 (− 0.93, 0.98) | 0.07 |
| BPNS relatedness score (0–7) b | 21 | 6.16 (0.90) | 6.16 (0.74) | 0.00 (− 0.43, 0.44) | 9 | 5.86 (0.62) | 5.71 (1.17) | − 0.15 (− 0.86, 0.56) | 0.16 (− 0.62, 0.93) | 0.16 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) b | 14 | 4.36 (0.91) | 4.29 (0.92) | − 0.07 (− 0.41, 0.27) | 6 | 4.82 (1.42) | 4.38 (0.89) | − 0.43 (− 1.46, 0.59) | 0.36 (− 0.37, 1.09) | 0.32 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 14 | 1.39 (0.36) | 1.47 (0.39) | 0.07 (− 0.04, 0.19) | 6 | 1.51 (0.37) | 1.48 (0.42) | − 0.02 (− 0.23, 0.18) | 0.10 (− 0.10, 0.30) | 0.27 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 14 | 2.31 (0.75) | 2.25 (0.77) | − 0.06 (− 0.26, 0.14) | 6 | 2.77 (1.35) | 2.28 (0.79) | − 0.49 (− 1.36, 0.38) | 0.43 (− 0.44, 1.30) | 0.44 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)b | 14 | 1.46 (0.79) | 1.26 (0.57) | − 0.19 (− 0.58, 0.19) | 6 | 1.20 (0.32) | 1.37 (0.44) | 0.17 (− 0.12, 0.45) | − 0.36 (− 0.96, 0.24) | − 0.57 |
| HBA1c (mmol/L) | 16 | 39.13 (8.57) | 39.44 (8.40) | 0.31 (− 0.46, 1.08) | 5 | 39.40 (1.82) | 39.40 (1.14) | 0.00 (− 2.91, 2.91) | 0.31 (− 1.49, 2.11) | 0.04 |
| Cortisol (mmol/L) | 13 | 334.38 (131.23) | 374.62 (77.08) | 40.23 (− 35.39, 115.85) | 3 | 315.00 (22.52) | 526.00 (239.90) | 211.00 (− 435.21, 857.21) | − 170.77 (− 379.52, 37.98) | − 1.47 |
| DHEAS (mmol/L) | 13 | 1.36 (0.77) | 1.30 (0.72) | − 0.06 (− 0.25, 0.13) | 4 | 1.71 (1.18) | 1.71 (1.08) | 0.00 (− 0.61, 0.60) | − 0.06 (− 0.45, 0.34) | − 0.10 |
aValues are mean (SD)
bShapiro–Wilk test indicated that these data were not normal in one or both groups (p ≤ 0.05), so within-group p values reported here are from Wilcoxon signed-rank or sign rank tests
cCalculated as “[Intervention Mean Difference T1 to T2]—[Usual Care Mean Difference T1 to T2]”
**p < 0.001