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. 2020 Nov 21;11(11):1000. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03206-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In diabetic conditions, the paracrine function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are damaged, whereupon the expression of angiogenesis factors in EPCs and the proliferation and migration ability of EPCs is reduced, while the secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors such as TGF-β1 is increased. Moreover, the depletion of circulating EPCs is due to a decrease of EPCs formed in bone marrow and EPCs in the peripheral circulation. Decreased circulating levels of EPCs and functional disorder of EPCs in diabetes may lead to the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Conversely, the administration of statins, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), and AMD3100, an effective EPCs mobilizer, can accelerate the healing of wounds in diabetic patients by promoting EPCs mobilization in the bone marrow. In addition, the injection of bone marrow-derived EPCs are able to repair the glomerular endothelial injury and might achieve the purpose of treating DN. Arrow: acceleration; T-bar: amelioration.