Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients on treatment with ACEi, ARBs and other drugs
| ACEi | ARBs | O-drugs | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 248 | n = 181 | n = 161 | ||
| Age—median (IQR) (years) | 76.3 (68.8–82.7) | 75.2 (66.8–81.3) | 76.6 (69.7–84.6) | 0.080 |
| Male gender no. (%) | 187 (75.4) | 120 (66.3) | 92 (57.1) | 0.001 |
| Chronic disease | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease—no. (%) | 43 (17.3) | 23 (12.7) | 29 (18.0) | 0.323 |
| Hyperlipidemia—no. (%) | 86 (34.7) | 70 (38.7) | 49 (30.4) | 0.279 |
| Diabetes—no. (%) | 63 (25.4) | 47 (26.0) | 27 (16.8) | 0.075 |
| Atrial fibrillation—no. (%) | 45 (18.1) | 31 (17.1) | 25 (15.5) | 0.790 |
| COPD—no. (%) | 40 (16.1) | 47 (26.0) | 34 (21.1) | 0.044 |
| CKD—no. (%) | 41 (16.5) | 25 (13.8) | 24 (14.9) | 0.734 |
| Stroke—no. (%) | 11 (4.4) | 6 (3.3) | 4 (2.5) | 0.569 |
| Malignancy—no. (%) | 22 (8.9) | 13 (7.2) | 12 (7.5) | 0.784 |
| 3 or more comorbidities—no. (%) | 101 (40.7) | 78 (43.1) | 61 (37.9) | 0.620 |
| Respiratory support | ||||
| OTI—no. (%) | 34 (13.7) | 22 (12.2) | 20 (12.4) | 0.875 |
| NIV—no. (%) | 50 (20.2) | 39 (21.5) | 24 (14.9) | 0.258 |
| Symptoms at onset of illness | ||||
| Fever—no. (%) | 188 (75.8) | 137 (75.7) | 125 (77.6) | 0.243 |
| Cough—no. (%) | 105 (42.3) | 67 (37.0) | 55 (34.2) | 0.105 |
| Dyspnea—no. (%) | 159 (64.1) | 108 (59.7) | 91 (56.5) | 0.194 |
| Diarrhea—no. (%) | 17 (6.9) | 9 (5.0) | 11 (6.8) | 0.648 |
| Vital signs at admission | ||||
| Temperature (°C)—median (IQR) | 37.7 (36.9–38.4) | 37.3 (36.6–38.0) | 37.5 (37.0–38.1) | 0.149 |
| SBP (mmHg)—median (IQR) | 130.0 (117.5–150.0) | 125.0 (114.5–138.0) | 127.5 (115.0–144.0) | 0.045 |
| PaO2/FiO2—median (IQR) | 223.5 (151.8–281.5) | 226.4 (167.3–290.5) | 257.1 (137.6–304.0) | 0.258 |
| PaO2/FiO2 < 300—no. (%) | 168 (67.7) | 114 (63.0) | 93 (57.8) | 0.120 |
| Laboratory parameters—median (IQR) | ||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.7) | 0.219 |
| LDH (U/L) | 425.0 (314.5–540.0) | 437.0 (326.5–574.8) | 364.5 (288.8–482.0) | 0.009 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 10.9 (5.7–16.8) | 12.0 (6.2–18.4) | 10.9 (5.4–18.5) | 0.301 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 (12.1–14.9) | 13.6 (12.4–14.7) | 13.2 (11.8–14.5) | 0.371 |
| White blood cell count (103/L) | 6.7 (5.2–9.2) | 7.3 (5.5–10.0) | 6.7 (5.2–8.8) | 0.143 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 12.6 (5.7–18.4) | 11.6 (6.7–16.7) | 11.3 (6.7–17.9) | 0.683 |
| Pneumonia classification | ||||
| Covid severe—no. (%) | 99 (39.9) | 72 (39.8) | 58 (36.0) | 0.696 |
| Curb 65 severe—no. (%) | 43 (17.3) | 29 16.0) | 28 (17.4) | 0.923 |
| qSOFA severe—no. (%) | 32 (12.9) | 14 (7.7) | 13 (8.1) | 0.134 |
ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin-receptor blockers, IQR interquartile range, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, OTI orotracheal intubation, NIV non-invasive ventilation, SBP systolic blood pressure, PaO2/FiO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, qSOFA quick sequential organ failure assessment