Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants of the Rivana (Vascular Risk in Navarre) according the definition of metabolic syndrome of the international Diabetes Federation and the AHA/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (n = 3976)
| Characteristics | Overall participants | No metabolic syndrome | Metabolic syndrome | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (frequency) | 3976 | 2552 (64.2%) | 1424 (35.8%) | |
| Age, years | 53.3 ± 12.4 | 50.2 ± 11.6 | 58.8 ± 11.9 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, men | 1775 (45%) | 964 (38%) | 811 (57%) | < 0.001 |
| Higher level of attained education | < 0.001 | |||
| Primary or less | 2177 (55%) | 1211 (47%) | 966 (68%) | |
| Secondary | 906 (23%) | 663 (26%) | 243 (17%) | |
| College/university | 893 (23%) | 678 (27%) | 215 (15%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 4.5 | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 29.7 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity, METs-h/week | 44 ± 38 | 45 ± 39 | 42 ± 37 | 0.031 |
| Smoking status | 0.026 | |||
| Never | 1139 (29%) | 377 (26%) | 377 (26%) | |
| Current | 1559 (39%) | 965 (38%) | 594 (42%) | |
| Former smokers | 1278 (32%) | 825 (32%) | 453 (32%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 1174 (28%) | 713 (27%) | 461 (30%) | |
| Sometimes | 1055 (25%) | 737 (28%) | 318 (21%) | |
| Regularly | 1933 (46%) | 1163 (45%) | 770 (50%) | |
| MedDiet | 8.7 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antihypertensive therapy | 676 (17%) | 175 (7%) | 501 (35%) | < 0.001 |
| Lipid-Lowering therapy | 380 (10%) | 52 (2%) | 328 (23%) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic agents | 156 (4%) | 21 (1%) | 135 (9%) | < 0.001 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Weight, kg | 72 ± 14 | 68 ± 12.2 | 79 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 92 ± 13 | 88 ± 12 | 101 ± 11 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 132 ± 19 | 126 ± 17 | 144 ± 17 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 80 ± 10.2 | 77 ± 9 | 85 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 101 ± 22 | 94 ± 12 | 114 ± 28 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 ± 38 | 210 ± 37 | 217 ± 39 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 127 ± 34 | 125 ± 33 | 131 ± 35 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 64 ± 17 | 68 ± 16 | 57 ± 15 | < 0.001 |
| Ratio TC: HDL-c (× 100) | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 113.0 ± 82 | 89 ± 45 | 156 ± 111 | < 0.001 |
| TyG indexa | 8.5 ± 0.6 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-WCb | 787 ± 1423 | 722 ± 112 | 903 ± 117 | < 0.001 |
| Self-reported chronic and cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Diabetes | 355 (9%) | 87 (3%) | 268 (19%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 997 (25%) | 349 (14%) | 648 (46%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1494 (38%) | 760 (30%) | 734 (52%) | < 0.001 |
| Angina pectoris | 57 (1%) | 13 (1%) | 44 (3%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 45 (1%) | 13 (1%) | 32 (2%) | < 0.001 |
| Surgery or other revascularization procedure | 30 (1%) | 9 (0.4%) | 21 (1%) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 57 (1%) | 25 (1%) | 32 (2%) | 0.001 |
| C-Reactive protein, mg/dL | 9.2 ± 27.6 | 7.5 ± 27.8 | 12.0 ± 27.0 | < 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuriac | 231 (6%) | 93 (4%) | 138 (10%) | < 0.001 |
| Proteinuriad | 42 (1%) | 17 (1%) | 25 (2%) | 0.001 |
| Renal diseasee | 46 (1%) | 22 (1%) | 24 (2%) | 0.002 |
| Metabolic syndrome traits | ||||
| Elevated waist circumferencef | 2755 (69%) | 1389 (54%) | 1366 (96%) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated blood pressureg | 2235 (56%) | 935 (37%) | 1300 (91%) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated fasting glucoseh | 1595 (40%) | 456 (18%) | 1139 (80%) | < 0.001 |
| Reduced HDL-cholesteroli | 665 (17%) | 109 (4%) | 556 (39%) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated triglyceridesj | 745 (19%) | 140 (5%) | 605 (42%) | < 0.001 |
Values are means ± SD or numbers of participants (percentages)
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, Med Diet 14-item Mediterranean diet score, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, MET metabolic equivalent, Ratio TC: HDL-c ratio total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol; TyG index triglycerides and glucose index, TyG-WC product of triglycerides and glucose and waist circumference
aTyG index: Ln(triglycerides × fasting glucose/2)
bTyG-WC: product of the TyG index and waist circumference
cMicroalbuminuria: ≥ 30 to < 300 mg/dL urine albumin
dProteinuria: ≥ 300 mg/dL urine albumin
eRenal disease: serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL for men or ≥ 1.4 mg/dl for women
fElevated waist circumference (abdominal perimeter ≥ 80 cm for men and ≥ 94 cm for women)
gElevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or receiving antihypertensive medication treatment)
hElevated fasting glucose (≥ 100 mg/dL) or receiving antidiabetic treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents
iReduced HDL-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women) or receiving treatment for dyslipidemia
jElevated triglycerides, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL or receiving fenofibrate treatment