Table 2.

Details of various pilot-scale and full-scale studies for remediation of hospital wastewater.

Study number	Country	Treatment Description	Flow	HRT	SRT	Plant type	References
Study 1	Belgium	A transportable pilot-scale subsurface flow CW (1 m3). The cubic tank was filled with a 80 cm layer of coarse Rhine gravel (8–16 mm, porosity = 40%, Macrophyte- Phragmites australis.	200 L/day	2 d		Pilot-scale	[96]
Study 2	Brazil	UASB followed by 3 serial anaerobic filters	2.54 L/s	8 h		Full-scale	[6]
Study 3	Brazil	ASP with extended aeration followed by chlorination	5 L/s	18 h		Full-scale	[6]
Study 4	China	MBR: 6 m3 had 2 equal parts separated by a plate. 1 hollow fiber membrane module set was submerged in each part of the reactor. Each set consisted of 24 membrane modules, total membrane area = 96 m2	20 m3/day	7.2 h	180 d	Full-scale	[102]
Study 5	China	Conventional ASP (aeration)	480 m3/day		35 d	Full-scale	[91]
Study 6	China	Conventional ASP (aeration)	200 m3/day			Full-scale	[91]
Study 7	Denmark	MBBR consisted of three identical reactors of 3 L in series (M1, M2 and M3) each containing 500 AnoxKaldnes™ K5 carriers (AnoxKaldnes, Lund, Sweden), Filling ratio = 50%. The mixing was performed by aeration, Flow =. Retention time	0.50 L/h	6 h for each reactor		Pilot-scale	[112]
Study 8	Denmark	MBBR comprised of six reactors- M1 (900 L for BOD removal and denitrifying), M2 (900 L for nitrifying), M3A (900 L for nitrifying), M3B (900 L for nitrifying), M4 (500 L for denitrifying) and M5 (500 L for nitrifying), respectively. Filling ratio of 50% with 150,000 and 80,000 Anox K™5 carriers (AnoxKaldnes, Lund, Sweden) in the 900 L and 500 L reactors, respectively.	M1, M2, M3A, M3B = 800 L/h, M4, M5 = 300 L/h	M1, M2, M3A, M3B = 1.13 h, M4, M5 = 1.67 h		Pilot-scale	[113]
Study 9	Denmark	MBR followed by 450 mg/L of PAC	2.2 m3/day		35 d	Pilot-scale	[10]
Study 10	Denmark	MBR	2.2.m3/day		35 d	Pilot-scale	[10]
Study 11	Ethiopia	Waste Stabilization Ponds: 2 facultative ponds (667 m2), 2 maturation ponds (401 m2, 396 m2), and 1 fish pond (862 m2)		29 d		Full-scale	[117]
Study 12	Ethiopia	8 horizontal subsurface flow CWs (4 m length, 1.2 m width and 0.6 m depth) with gravel and broken brick media as substrate.	165.75 L/day	4 d		Pilot-scale	[12], [97]
Study 13	Finland	Ultrafiltration followed by pulsed corona discharge (30 W was applied for 1 kWh /m3 of pulse energy delivered)				Pilot-scale	[119]
Study 14	Spain	MBR (11 m3) with 10 flat sheet (FS) chloral polyethylene membranes (0.8 m2 each). Coarse bubble aeration was provided, MLSS- 8 g/L	100 L/h	50 h	30 d		[100]
Study 15	France	Activated sludge incorporated with biofilms followed by ultrafiltration, Dissolved oxygen: 1–4.5 mg/L	100 L/day	22 h	20 d		[90]
Study 16	Germany	The unit comprised of a MBR: Membrane area per module = 320 m2, Total membrane area = 1600 m2	130 m3/day	31.3 h		Pilot-scale	[57]
Study 17	Germany	MBR comprising of Mesh, primary settling tank (21 m3: HRT= 1 h), Oxic/anaerobic chamber (56 m3, suspended solid concentration= 10–12 g/L), microfiltration (102 m3) followed by NF/RO	130 m3/day			Pilot-scale	[104]
Study 18	Greece	Pre-treatment (grit-removal), a mix tank, and a biological secondary treatment- Aeration tank (600 m3) followed by disinfection (chlorine dose 10–20 mg/L)		6 h	11 d	Full-scale	[89]
Study 19	India	Conventional ASP followed by high pressure filtration (26 pounds/cm2) and chlorination (5% hypochlorite- 35 L per 0.3 million L of water.				Pilot-scale	[101]
Study 20	India	Horizontal sub surface flow CW (1.5 m length, 0.65 m width and 0.5 m depth)	10 m3/day			Pilot-scale	[41]
Study 21	Indonesia	Aerated Fixed Film bio filter Reactor followed by ozone reactor				Pilot-scale	[118]
Study 22	Italy	Submerged MBR with UF shallow fiber membranes. biomass content (10–12 kg/m3)	90 L/h	14 h	50 d	Pilot-scale	[103]
Study 23	Iran	2 sets of cylindrical columns made of Plexiglass were used as MBBR reactors. Packing= 70%, Packing material for column 1- Kaldnes (K1) (Pakan Ghatreh, Iran) Packing material for column 2- lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA). Column’s dimension- inside diameter, height, overflow height, total volume, and effective volume were 30 cm, 150 cm, 130 cm, 105 L, and 91 L, respectively. Air was supplied from bottom of the columns using an air, MLSS = 3000 mg/L.	0.001–0.003 L/s	24 h		Full-scale	[114]
Study 24	Iran	ASP (Aerobic and anaerobic zones)				Pilot-scale	[92]
Study 25	Korea	Chemical flocculation followed by activated carbon adsorption				Full-scale	[207]
Study 26	Luxembourg	MBR followed by UV (10 kW Medium pressure lamp, 1.11 gH2O2/L.	3.33 m3/day			Pilot-scale	[105]
Study 27	Nepal	The system consists of a septic tank (16.7 m3), followed by a horizontal flow CW (140 m2) with 0.65–0.75 m depth and a vertical flow CW bed (120 m2) with 1 m depth.	20 m3/day			Full-scale	[98]
Study 28	Saudi Arabia	ASP (Aerobic Tank) followed by sand filtration and chlorination process.	904 m3/day			Full-scale	[93]
Study 29	Saudi Arabia	ASP (Aeration Tank with 3 blowers) followed by sand filtration and chlorination process.	622 m3/day			Full-scale	[93]
Study 30	Switzerland	Primary clarifier followed by MBR ( Chamber 1 is oxic and chamber 2 is anoxic).	1.2 m3/day			Pilot-scale	[87]
Study 31	Switzerland	Ozonation- 1.08 gO3/g Dissolved organic carbon	12–23 L/h			Pilot-scale	[88]
Study 32	Switzerland	PAC- 23 mg/L	180 L/day			Pilot-scale	[88]
Study 33	Switzerland	UV- 2400 J/m2	600 L/h			Pilot-Scale	[88]
Study 34	Switzerland	MBR ( Chamber 1 is oxic and chamber 2 is anoxic) followed by Ozonation- 1.08 gO3/g				Pilot-scale	[88]
Study 35	Switzerland	MBR ( Chamber 1 is oxic and chamber 2 is anoxic) followed by PAC- 23 mg/L				Pilot-scale	[88]
Study 36	Switzerland	MBR ( Chamber 1 is oxic and chamber 2 is anoxic) followed by UV- 2400 J/m2				Pilot-scale	[88]
Study 37	Thailand	Vertical flow CW (1.5 m length, 0.6 m width and 0.6 m depth), The media bed contained sand, pea gravel and gravel with respective height of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 m from top to bottom.	75–85 L/day	5 d		Pilot-scale	[99]
Study 38	Thailand	MBR with aeration supplied at 340 L/min	500 L/h	3 h		Pilot-scale	[50]
Study 39	Vietnam	Physical, chemical treatment followed by ASP				Full-scale	[11]
Study 40	Vietnam	ASP followed by filtration				Full-scale	[11]