Table 1.
Baseline Preoperative Characteristics of Patientsa
| Patients (no.) | 410 |
|---|---|
| Age-yr. | 56.8(11.6) |
| Male Gender-no. (%) | 165(40.4) |
| Marital Status- no.(%) | |
| Never Married | 34(8.5) |
| Married | 292(73.0) |
| Living with someone | 15(3.8) |
| Divorced or separated | 46(11.5) |
| Widowed | 13(3.3) |
| Disability Claim Pending- no.(%) | 46(11.8) |
| Employment Status-no.(%) | |
| Full-time | 171(43.4) |
| Part-time | 36(9.1) |
| Unemployed | 79(20.1) |
| Retired | 108(27.4) |
| Type of Operation- no.(%) | |
| Thoracotomy | 15(3.7) |
| Total Knee Replacement | 151(36.8) |
| Total Hip Replacement | 97(23.7) |
| Mastectomy | 41(10.0) |
| Lumpectomy | 30(7.3) |
| VATS | 29(7.1) |
| Hand Surgery | 24(5.9) |
| Carpal Tunnel Surgery | 5(1.2) |
| Knee Arthroscopy | 8(2.0) |
| Shoulder Surgery | 4(1.0) |
| Shoulder Arthroscopy | 6(1.5) |
| Baseline pain at surgical site (0–10) | 5(3) |
| Baseline pain other than surgical site (0–10) | 2(2) |
| Self-Perceived Likelihood of Developing Chronic Pain After Surgery- no.(%) | |
| Not at all | 89(22.2) |
| Unlikely | 244(60.9) |
| Somewhat likely | 58(14.5) |
| Very likely | 10(2.5) |
| Self-Perceived Likelihood of Chronic Pain After Injury- no. (%) | |
| More Likely | 68(17.1) |
| Less Likely | 329(82.9) |
| Self-Perceived Sensitivity to Pain- no. (%) | |
| More than average | 35(8.8) |
| Average | 228(57.0) |
| Less than average | 137(34.3) |
| Self-Reported Unexpectedly Long Recovery Times from Past Injuries-no. (%) | 64(16.0) |
| Past 30-Day Prescription Opioid Use- no.(%) | 36(8.8) |
| Self-Perceived Likelihood of Addiction to Pain Medication After Surgery- no.(%) | |
| Not at all | 206(51.4) |
| Unlikely | 172(42.9) |
| Somewhat likely | 19(4.7) |
| Very likely | 4(1.0) |
| Opioid Risk Tool Scorec | 2(3) |
| History of Illicit Drug Use- no.(%) | 46(11.2) |
| History of Alcohol or Drug Abuse Treatment- no.(%) | 20(5.1) |
| Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale Scored | 20(6) |
| Barratt Impulsivity Scale Scoree | 69(7) |
| PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) Scoref | 25(9) |
| State Anxiety Inventory Scoreg | 35(11) |
| Trait Anxiety Inventory Scoreh | 33(10) |
| Beck Depression Inventory-ll Scorei | 10(7) |
| Euroqol VAS j | 72(19) |
| Postoperative Pain Duration-daysb | 79(36–230) |
| Postoperative Opioid Use Duration-daysb | 27(9–55) |
Notes: aAll values presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise noted, percentages do not include patients with missing data; bCensored patients not meeting study endpoints were excluded from calculation of these particular variables, Median (IQ Range); cScore range, 0–26, with 0–3 indicating low risk; 4–7 indicating moderate risk, and ≥ 8 indicating high risk; dScore range, 0–33, with 0–8 indicating low concern for social approval, and 20–33 indicating high concern for social approval; eScore range, 30–120, with higher scores representing greater impulsiveness; fScore range, 17–85, with increasing scores representing more self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms; gScore range, 20–80, with higher scores representing increasing state anxiety or anxiety in response to a specific situation. 395 of 410 participants (96%) completed the State Anxiety Inventory; hScore range, 20–80, with higher scores representing increasing trait anxiety or propensity to experience anxiety. 390 of 410 (95%) participants completed the Trait Anxiety Inventory; iScore range, 0–63, with 0–13 indicating minimal depression;14–19 mild depression;20–28 moderate depression; and 29–63, severe depression. 398 of 410 (97%) participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II; jScore range for self-assessment of health, 0–100, with 0 representing the worst imaginable health state and 100 representing the best imaginable health state.