Table 1.
Preclinical studies involving hyperthermia and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
| Hyperthermia | Immune checkpoint inhibitors | Temperature | Tumor (mouse model) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CuS NPs-PEG-Mal-mediated PTT | Anti-PD-L1 mAb | 55°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (108) |
| Mild photothermal | Anti-PD-L1 mAb | 45°C | 4T1 breast tumor and B16-F10 melanoma tumor | (107) |
| CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 nanoparticle-mediated magnetic hyperthermia | Anti-PD-L1 mAb | 50°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (109) |
| FVIOs-mediated magnetic hyperthermia | Anti-PD-L1 mAb | 43–44°C | Orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer | (110) |
| Au nanoparticle-loaded membrane nanosheet photothermal therapy | Anti-PD-L1 mAb | 64.4 ± 1.4°C | B16−F10 melanoma-tumor | (111) |
| GNPs-hPD-L1 siRNA-mediated photothermal therapy | Nanoprism-assisted PD-L1 siRNA | 41.2°C | HCC827 lung cancer cell bearing tumor | (112) |
| APP- and HAuNS-loaded PLGA nanoparticle photothermal ablation | Sustained release anti-PD-1 peptide | 50–55°C | 4T1 breast tumor and CT26 tumor | (113) |
| Au@Pt-LMDP conjugated photothermal-immunotherapy | Release of a D-peptide antagonist of PD-L1 | + 20°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (114) |
| NLG919/IR780 micelle-mediated PTT | IDO inhibitor | 54°C | MCF-7 breast cancer | (106) |
| Triple combination | ||||
| mPEG-Pep-IDOi/ICG NPs-mediated phototherapy | Anti-PD-L1 mAb and nanoplatform of IDO inhibitor (IDOi) | Maximum 60°C | B16–F10 melanoma tumor | (115) |
| Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle hyperthermia | Anti-PD-1 mAb and anti-CTLA-4 mAb | 43°C | 4T1-luc breast cancer model | (128) |
| PEG−rGO−FA−IDOi-mediated PTT | Anti-PD-L1 mAb and IDOi | 53°C | CT26 colorectal cancer | (116) |
| PDMN-JQ1 nanoplatform-mediated photothermal therapy | bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitor JQ1 downregulated the expression of PD-L1 and inhibited the BRD4-c-MYC axis | +21.7–20.3°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (117) |
| PDA-PEG-R848-CD nanoparticle PTT | Anti-PD-L1 mAb + PDA loaded with TLR7 agonist | 52.4°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (118) |
| Fe3O4-R837 SP-involved PTT | Anti-PD-L1 mAb and nanoparticles loaded with Toll-like receptor 7 agonist | Ablation temperature | 4T1 breast tumor | (119) |
| Iron nanoparticle-mediated magnetic hyperthermia | Anti-CTLA-4 mAb and TLR7 agonist | 55°C | CT26 mouse colon cancer and murine B16 skin melanoma | (120) |
| WO2.9-WSe2 nanoparticles l RT/PTT | Anti-PD-L1 mAb-based CBT + low radiation dose | 48°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (121) |
| COF@ICG@OVA PTT/PDT therapy | Anti-PD-L1 mAb + PDT + PTT | >63.5°C | H22 murine hepatoma | (122) |
| Hyaluronic acid-shelled PPy/CPT nanoparticles | Anti-PD-L1 mAb and camptothecin | 45–50°C | 4T1 Breast cancer | (123) |
| FA-CD@PP-CpG phototherapy | Anti-PD-L1 mAb+low dosage of loaded docetaxel | 44°C | 4T1 breast tumor | (126) |
| Pd-Dox@TGMs NPs chemical-photothermal therapy | Anti-PD-L1 mAb and doxorubicin | 51.2°C | CT26 colorectal cancer | (124) |
| Cu-PPT + 650 + 808 nm laser photo/chemodynamic therapy | Glutathione peroxidase-mimicking and PD-L1 mAb | – | CT26 colorectal cancer | (125) |
| Regional hyperthermia followed by systemic fever-range hyperthermia induced by interleukin-2 | Ipilimumab (case report) | <42°C | Stage IV triple-negative breast cancer with lung metastasis | (127) |
| Radiofrequency ablation | ||||
| Radiofrequency ablation | Anti-PD-1 mAbs | >45°C | CT26 mouse colon cancer | (105) |
| Atezolizumab (case report) | >45°C | Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer | (129) | |