Table 2.
Maternal and offspring characteristics.
| Participant characteristics | ProPACT participants with fecal samples (n = 278) | ProPACT participants without fecal samples (n = 136) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery [mean (SD), years] | 30.0 (4.3) | 29.3 (4.8) | 0.03 |
| Cesarean sections [No. (%)] | 35 (12.6) | –b | –b |
| Allocated to probiotics [No. (%)] | 141 (50.5) | 63 (43.6) | 0.42 |
| Maternal higher education [No. (%)] | 217 (77.8) | 79 (58.5) | <0.01 |
| Female offspring [No. (%)] | 149 (53.4) | 57 (54.3) | 0.88 |
| Gestational age [mean (SD), weeks] | 40.3 (1.57) | 40.2 (1.68) | 0.47 |
| Birth weight [mean (SD), g] | 3,633 (485) | 3,617 (446) | 0.78 |
| Birth length mean (SD; cm) | 50.5 (1.94) | 51.5 (6.09) | 0.18 |
| Breastfed after 3 months [No. (%c)] | 224 (97.4) | 39 (97.5) | 0.97 |
| Formula fed after 3 months [No. (%c)] | 98 (36.3) | 18 (40.0) | 0.63 |
| Breastfed beyond 1 year [No. (%c)] | 73 (28.1) | 9 (29.0) | 0.99 |
| CHILDREN RECEIVING ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT WITHIN [NO. (%C)] | |||
| 6 weeks | 6 (2.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0.61 |
| 1 year | 36 (13.9) | 12 (14.3) | 0.93 |
| 2 years | 117 (41.9) | 22 (25.9) | <0.01 |
| Pregnant mothers receiving antibiotics [No. (%c)] | 16 (6.5) | 2 (2.9) | 0.09 |
| Overweight (BMI-SDS ≥1) at 7–9 years [No. (%c)] | 44 (18.2) | –b | –b |
| Obesity (BMI-SDS ≥2) at 7–9 years [No. (%c)] | 6 (2.5) | –b | –b |
a
P-values calculated using χ2 test for binary variables and t-test for continuous variables.
b
Not available.
c
Percentage of total respondents of the present questionnaire.