Table 8.
Yield, elemental analysis and carbon properties of chars
| Parameters | FSS | SS | HF | HFS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 180°C | 200°C | 180°C | 200°C | 180°C | 200°C | 180°C | 200°C | |
| Yield | 53.5 | 47.2 | 54.8 | 51.4 | 51.5 | 47.6 | 53.3 | 48.4 |
| VS (%) | 94.7 | 93.1 | 58.5 | 55.3 | 79.2 | 75.5 | 78.9 | 76.4 |
| FS (%)a | 5.3 | 6.9 | 41.5 | 44.7 | 20.8 | 24.5 | 21.1 | 23.6 |
| C (%) | 55.6 | 59.6 | 38.8 | 39.5 | 53.9 | 56.1 | 47.4 | 49.6 |
| H (%) | 6.9 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 |
| N (%) | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
| O (%)b | 35.5 | 31.9 | 53.4 | 53.1 | 36.6 | 34.8 | 44.7 | 43.2 |
| Cdfc | 1.42 | 1.52 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.17 | 1.14 | 1.20 |
| Ceff d (%) | 42.2 | 52.4 | < 10 | 12.8 | 17.4 | 14.5 | 19.8 | |
a FS provide an indication for the ash content based on Standard Method used in this work
b by difference
c Carbon densification factor,
Carbon content increment,