Table 9.

Calorific value and energy properties of unprocessed biowastes and chars from all feedstocks at different carbonization temperatures

	FSS			SS			HF			HFS
	Unprocessed	180°C	200°C	Unprocessed	180°C	200°C	Unprocessed	180°C	200°C	Unprocessed	180°C	200°C
HHV/MJ.kg-1a	17.1	23.8	24.2	15.3	16.0	16.4	19.5	24.9	25.6	19.3	24.1	25.2
EEFb	-	1.39	1.42	-	1.05	1.07	-	1.28	1.31	-	1.25	1.31
Ey / (%)c	-	74.4	67.0	-	57.5	55.0	-	65.9	62.4	-	66.6	63.4
CALvi / (%)d	-	39.2	41.5	-		< 7	-	27.9	31.5	-	24.9	30.6

^a Dried samples

^b Energy enrichment factor, $EEF=\frac{HHV of dried chars solids}{HHV of dried raw biowastes solids}$

^c Energy yield, $E_Y=EEF x char yield\left(\%\right)$

^d Calorific value improvement $\left(CA{L}_{\mathrm{VI}}\right)=\frac{\left(HHV of dried chars-HHV of dried raw biowaste\right) }{HHV of raw biowaste}\times 100$