Table 1.
Characteristics of the clinical studies
| Author | Study design | Country | Patient population | VTE Events/Total patients (%) | Age, mean (SD)a | Male sex,% a | Anticoagulant prophylaxis | Indication for CTPA | CUS screening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beun [14] | Retrospective cohort | Netherlands | ICU | 23/75 (30.7) | VTE: 60.5 (min-max, 53–68) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Cui [15] | Retrospective cohort | China | ICU | 20/81 (24.7) |
VTE: 68.4 (9.1) Non-VTE: 57.1 (14.3) |
46 | No | CT, assumed in all patients | Yes |
| Desborough [24] | Retrospective Cohort | UK | ICU | 11/79 (13.9) |
VTE: 54 (45–63) No VTE: 59 (52–67) |
73 | Yes | Clinical suspicion | No |
| Fraissé [21] | Retrospective cohort | France | ICU | 31/92 (33.7) | 61 (55–70)b | 79 | Yes | Clinical suspicion | No |
| Helms [2] | Prospective cohort | France | ICU | 28/150 (18.7) | 63 (53–71) b | 81.3 | 70% PD, 30% TD | Clinical suspicion or rapid D-dimer elevation | NR |
| Hippensteel [26] | Retrospective cohort | USA | ICU | 24/107 (22.4) |
VTE: 55 (13) No VTE: 57 (17) |
VTE: 14 No VTE: 39 |
NR | Clinical suspicion | No |
| Klok [16, 44] | Retrospective cohort | Netherlands | ICU | 68/184 (37) | 64 (12) | 76 |
Yes, adjust per BW 9% TD |
Clinical suspicion | No |
| Llitjos [8] | Retrospective cohort | France | ICU | 20/26 (76.9) | 68 (51.5–74.5) b | 77 | 31% PD, 69% TD | Clinical suspicion | Yes, 1st CDU on day 1–3 and 2nd CDU on day 7 |
| Longchamp [19] | Prospective cohort | Switzerland | ICU | 8/25 (32) | 68 (11) | 64 | Yes | Clinical suspicion | Yes, D5-D10 |
| Nahum [23] | Prospective cohort | France | ICU | 27/34 (65) | 62.2 (8.6) | 78 | Yes | NR | Yes |
| Poissy [3] | Retrospective cohort | France | ICU | 27/107 (25.2) | PE: 57 (29–80) b | PE: 59.1 | 91% PD, 9% TD | Clinical suspicion | Partially performed |
| Soumagne [22] | Prospective cohort | France and Belgium | ICU | 79/375 (21) | 63.5 (10.1) | 77 | NR | NR | NR |
| Spiezia [20] | Prospective cohort | Italy | ICU | 5/30 (16.7) | VTE: 67 (8)d | 90d | Yes | NR | NR |
| Zerwes [25] | Prospective cohort | Germany | ICU | 4/40 (10) | 63.4 (18.1) | 67.5 | Yes | NR | Yes |
| Thomas [18] | Retrospective cohort | UK | ICU | 6/63 (9.5) | 59 (13) | 69 | Yes, adjust per BW | Clinical suspicion | NR |
| Tavazzi [17] | Retrospective cohort | Italy | ICU | 10/54 (18.5) | VTE: 68 (7) | VTE: 83 | Yes, adjust per BW | NR | No |
| Demelo-Rodríguez [27] | Prospective cohort | Spain | Non-ICU |
23/198 (11.6) CUS done in 156 |
DVT: 66.7 (15.2) No DVT: 68.4 (14.4) |
DVT: 60.9 No DVT: 66.2 |
Yes, 98% | NR | Yes, d-dimer > 1000 & hospitalization > 48 h |
| Dubois-Silva [29] | Retrospective cohort | Spain | Non-ICU | 8/171 (4.9) | PE: 67 (58–74)b | 62.5 | Yes | Clinical suspicion | Yes |
| Mazzaccaro [31] | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Non-ICU | 21/32 (65.6) | 68.6 (12) | 71.9 | Yes | All patients | Yes |
| Mestre-Gómez [30] | Retrospective cohort | Spain | Non-ICU | 31/452 (6.9) | PE: 65 (56–73)b | 72 | Yes, partial | Clinical suspicion | No |
| Zhang [28] | Retrospective cohort | China | Non-ICU |
67/159 (42.1) CUS done in143 |
DVT: 67 (12) No DVT: 59 (16) |
51.7 DVT: 54.5 No DVT: 49.4 |
Yes, 37% | Clinical suspicion | Yes |
| Criel [34] | Prospective cohort | Belgium | Inpatients |
Total: 82 ICU: 4/30 (13.3), Ward: 2/52 (3.8) |
ICU: 64.5 (11.8) Non-ICU: 63.6 (14.4) |
ICU: 67 Non-ICU: 54 |
Yes, adjust per BW | Not done | Yes |
| Koleilat [35] | Retrospective case-control | USA | Inpatients |
93/3403 (2.7) CUS done in 846 |
DVT:59 (49–64) No DVT 64 (53–73) |
DVT: 61.1 No DVT:61 52.1 |
Yes, partial | NR | No |
| Logigiani [33] | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Inpatients |
Total: 388 ICU: 8/61 (13.1) Ward: 12/327 (3.7) |
ICU: 61 (55–69)b Ward: 68 (55–77) |
68.0 ICU: 80.3 Ward: 65.7 |
ICU: 100%, Ward: 75% 41% PD, 21% ID, 23% TD |
Clinical suspicion or rapid increase in d-dimer |
No |
| Middeldorp [9] | Retrospective cohort | Netherlands | Inpatients |
Total:198 ICU: 39/75 (52) Ward: 4/123 (3.3) |
ICU: 62 (10) Ward: 60 (16) |
66 ICU: 77 Ward: 59 |
Yes, adjust per BW 84% PD 9.6% TD |
Clinical suspicion Sudden worsening hypoxemia |
Yes, partial 28% of all |
| Maoe [4] | Retrospective cohort | China | Inpatients |
Total: 214 Severe: 88 Non-severe: 126 |
Severe: 58.2 (15.0) Non severe: 48.9 (14.7) |
40.7 Severe: 50 Non severe: 34.1 |
NR | NR | NR |
| Wangc [32] | Retrospective cohort | China | Inpatients |
Total: 88 Critical+severe: 20/63 (31.7) Common: 0/25 |
Critical: 66.5 (61–71)b Severe: 61.0 (53–66) Common: 56 (42.5–66.5) |
55.7 Critical: 70 Severe: 42.4 Common: 56 |
Yes, according to Padua risk score | Clinical suspicion | Yes, increased d-dimer |
| Xuc [10] | Retrospective cohort | China | Inpatients |
Total: 138 Critical+severe: 3/15 (20) Non-critical: 1/123 (0.8) |
Critical: 60.07 (14.3) Non-critical: 50.5 (16) |
58.7 Critical: 80 Non-critical: 56 |
Yes Critical 100% Non-critical 21.5% |
In those performed CUS | Yes, all critically ill, high risk of VTE, high level d-dimer |
a All patients included in the study, b Median (IQR), c categorized patients on clinical severity, d of those 22 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study, e reported only arterial events, and CT Brain was performed according to clinical needs, BW Body weight, NR Not reported, ICU Intensive care unit, VTE Venous thromboembolism, PD Prophylactic dose, IT Intermediate dose, TD Therapeutic dose