Table 3.

Case studies on the effects of therapeutic plasma exchange in COVID-19

Authors	Subjects	Prescription of TPE a	Clinical outcomes
Keith et al.	One patient with pneumonia, shock, and multi-organ failure	1/ 4.5L/ FFP	Improved respiratory condition and hypotensive shock, increased heart function
Shi et al.	One patient with ARDS, shock	3/ 6L/ FFP	Improved respiratory condition and hypotensive shock
Morath et al.	Five patients with respiratory failure	1~2/ 3.39L/ FFP	Improved respiratory condition and hypotensive shock, Decrease in inflammatory marker (IL6, ferritin, D-dimer)
Adeli et al.	Eight patients with ARDS and shock	3~5/ 2L/ FFP, albumin	Improved respiratory condition
Dogan et al.	Six patients with COVID-19-related autoimmune meningoencephalitis	1~3/ no data/ albumin	Clinical improvement including meningoencephalitis, Decrease in serum ferritin
Khamis et al.	Eleven patients with ARDS or pneumonia	5/ one times body plasma volume/ FFP	Higher extubation rate, lower mortality at 14 and 28 days compared to non-TPE cases

^a Prescription of TPE is presented as total number of trials/ dose per session/ type of substitution fluid. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; IL: interleukin; TPE: therapeutic plasma exchange.